Death Of A Salesman By Willy Loman - 1683 Words

Before even beginning to read ‘Death of a Salesman’, we know what the play is going to be about from the given title. However, this play is much more than just a death of a salesman, it’s about the death of the promise of the American Dream. At heart, it’s about the protagonist’s desire for success, respect, and status — and failure to achieve it. The play opens with a huge chunk of precise stage directions, immersing the reader in a vivid description of the Loman house and its surrounding area. It does not begin with the very start of Willy Loman’s downfall, but rather towards the end of his life. In the middle of the night, our sixty year old protagonist, the salesman of the title, Willy Loman, enters his home exhausted, carrying two†¦show more content†¦Linda tells Willy that Biff just hasn’t found himself yet but Willy is in denial for he believes Biff is capable of being a great man. Biff and Happy are tall and well-built men, however despite their physical appearance they are both still in perpetual adolescence. When Biff tells Happy of the many different jobs he had, he demonstrates a lack of responsibility. Biff is also self-destructive as he ruins every job opportunity he might have. He knows he is a disappointment to his father and ponders if he should get married to gain stability. On the other hand, Happy is at a better position than his older brother Biff for he has a steady job, apartment, car and loads of women. However he holds an attitude of a teenager, being a womaniser and stating he shouldn’t need to take orders from his superiors in the workplace for he is physically superior. Biff and Happy’s take on success is different. Biff believes he is a failure because he doesn’t have a stable job and isn’t married, while Happy believes he is a failure because although successful compared to his brother, he feels empty and unfulfilled. The play then shifts its setting and time within the act, through Willy’s many flashbacks to a past memory of his early life when he was idolised by his two sons, a time when Biff was a football superstar in high school with a scholarship to UVA, butShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Willy Loman860 Words   |  4 Pagesend up worth more dead than alive.† This is said by Willy Loman in Act 2 of the play â€Å"Death of a Salesman.† Willy is a 63-year-old man who has been a salesman for 34 years working for the same company. As he ages, his sales decrease due to his lack of strength and pep. The opening quote is Willy reflecting on his worthlessness of all the years that he spent working. Once Willy gets fired he feels as though he has nothing left. This is not how Willy pictured his life and this ends up alienating himRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Willy Loman1076 Words   |  5 PagesThis modernized tragedy, Death of a Salesman, illustrated the last days of life for poor Willy Loman. Realistic dramas, emotionally, physiologically, and spiritually, this action-filled play occurred in the present. When the play goes back into the past, it makes the audience feel as if they have drifted into the past, almost like a dream. In some of the scenes, Biff and Happy appeared as if they are in high school, but only their father, Willy, can see them. This method is often referred to as usingRead MoreDeath of a Salesman: Willy Loman Essay681 Words   |  3 PagesWilly Loman: Failure of a Man In Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman is an example of a failure as a good father. He did not discipline his sons well by not punishing them. He did not set a good example to his sons by not admitting his faults. He did not make his family his number one priority. Instead, it was his work, coming before his family, his friends, and even himself. Not only is Willy Loman not a good father and husband, but he was a failure by not becoming successful, notRead MoreIs Willy Loman a Tragic Hero in Death of Salesman1305 Words   |  6 PagesWilly Loman’s character in Death of a Salesman portrays him as a tragic hero. Willy Loman continued to want his recognition and his reputation but never forgets about his family. These characteristics describe him as a tragic hero in Death of a Salesman. Willy Loman’s tragic flow leads him to purse the idea that reputation in society has more relevancies in life than knowledge and education to survive in the business. His grand error of wanting recognition drove him crazy and insane and lead toRead MoreCompare And Contrast Death Of A Salesman And Willy Loman1377 Words   |  6 Pages The Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller. A book about an old man whose occupation is a salesman. The story takes place in Brooklyn Manhattan, in a nice quite neighborhood and the main protagonists is named Willy Loman. Willy Loman main goal in life was to succeed and make a name for himself but since he didn’t achieve it, he passed on that dream to his two sons. From Willy Loman point of view his second son did make a named out of himself but for his first son, that dream of success didn’tRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Willy Loman In Death Of A Salesman838 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman from â€Å"Death of a Salesmanâ €  by Arthur Miller is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who has a judgement error and inevitably ends up destroying himself. Miller believes that the common man makes the best tragic hero as we want to be seen as a image and or not be thrown away. That fear, which he believes is very strong today, is what makes us the best tragic hero. I would take the stance that Willy Loman is a tragic hero. Willy starts to show signs of flaw of judgement, reversal ofRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Willy Loman And Death Of A Salesman1112 Words   |  5 PagesWilson and Death of a Salesman was written by Arthur Miller are two plays that can be considered different in terms of their plot. Both plays have two very different cultural backgrounds. The background affects each protagonist therefore differently. However, there are also similarities beyond the plot. Despite the different backgrounds of each protagonist or main characters, they are both trying to achieve their dre ams. They both fail ironically in similar ways .Willy Loman in the death of a salesmanRead More Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesWilly Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman       Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classicRead MoreEssay Death of a Salesman, Tragic Hero. Willy Loman.1503 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent can Willy Loman be considered a tragic hero according to Aristotle’s rules? Arthur Miller presents his play ‘Death of a Salesman’ in the ancient form of a tragedy. Aristotle has defined his idea of the ‘perfect’ tragedy in his text, ‘Poetics’ (350 BC).Here he suggests that the protagonist must fall from an elevated social standing as a result of a â€Å"fatal flaw† within the character; the fall from the main character creates resolution to the play which is seen as just; finally, AristotleRead More Willy Loman as Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman876 Words   |  4 PagesWilly Loman as Coward in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Everybody feels the penetrating presence of fear throughout life. However, people’s reactions to this fear separate the brave souls from the cowards. Mark Twain once said, Courage is resistance to fear; mastery of fear, not absence of fear (Twain 6). In Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman fears rejection by his son, Biff, and the business world. His fears master him, creating in him a fantasy world of life as it

Primary Document Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 267 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The Boston Massacre The Boston Massacre is one of the topics addressed in the collection of documents Reading the American Past volume 1 To: 1877 chapter four. The Boston Massacre is an event that took place in 1768 in America. It’s an incident that involved the British soldiers and American colonies who had started a rebellion against the authorities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Primary Document Analysis" essay for you Create order It’s an event that defines the history of the United States as it marks an important moment that led to the independence of Americans. It involved British army solders who shot and killed several people who had launched demonstration against them (Johnson 238). The British army had been positioned in Boston with the task of protecting colonial officials in the province of Massachusetts who were enforcing unpopular law. The killing made the other provinces turn against the British colonials. Several people were shot dead as a result of the confrontation between a British sentry and the rioters. As a result, one officer, eight soldiers and a civilian were arrested in association to the incident and charged with murder. The incident is one of the most important in the history of United States as it sparked tension all over the country. The Boston Massacre turned colonial sentiments against the British parliamentary authority and King George III. After the event, the other provinces rose against the British authority. It’s believed that the incident laid the foundation for American independence in 1770 (Allison 45). The American patriots used the then annual commemorations of the Boston Massacre against the British authority. The event was used as evidence that the British leadership was oppressive and hostile.

How to Pronounce Xi Jinpings Name

China has been growing as a world power, and Xi Jinping, the countrys leader since 2012, is ever-present in the news and on the world stage. Its important, therefore, for students of Chinese—and indeed for anyone keeping up with current events—to be able to pronounce the Chinese leaders name. But saying his name correctly is not simple; it requires understanding the Chinese alphabet as well as the tones you must use when pronouncing Chinese letters and words. Basic Pronunciation The alphabetical letters used to write sounds in Mandarin Chinese (called Hanyu Pinyin) dont often match sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess its pronunciation is not sufficient.  (Mandarin Chinese is the official language of Mainland China and Taiwan.) The simplest way to pronounce the name of the president of China is to say Shee Jin Ping. But you also must account for the Chinese tones. The Four Tones In Mandarin Chinese, many characters have the same sounds, so tones are necessary when speaking to help differentiate words from each other.  The four tones are: First: a level and higher pitchSecond: a rising tone that starts from a lower pitch and ends  at a slightly higher pitchThird:  a falling-rising  tone that begins at a neutral tone then dips to a lower pitch before ending at a higher pitchFourth:  a falling tone that starts the syllable at a slightly higher-than-neutral pitch then goes quickly and strongly downward You can listen to a recording of a native speaker pronouncing the name and mimic the pronunciation. The BBC notes that the name is pronounced -sh as in ship, -j as in Jack, -i as in sit, -ng as in sing. Breaking Down the Name The presidents name is ä ¹  Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ³ (or ç ¿â€™Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¥ ¹ ³ written in traditional form). His name, as do most Chinese names, consists of three syllables. The first syllable is his family name and the two remaining are his personal name. Xi, the first part of the name, can be difficult for non-native Chinese speakers to pronounce because the hard  x sound does not exist in English. It is alveolo-palatal, meaning that its produced by placing the body of the tongue against the front part of the hard palate. The tongue position is similar to the first sound in yes in English. Try producing a hissing sound and youll get pretty close. The i is like the y in city but longer. The tone rises when pronouncing this part of the name, so it takes on the second tone. Jin is also tricky, but if you know how to pronounce the hard x in Chinese, it becomes a lot easier. J is pronounced like the x  sound but has a stop in front of it. Think of it as a very light t, or tx. Take care not to breathe out too hard when pronouncing the t because it will turn into a Chinese Pinyin q. The i in jin should sound similar to the i in xi but shorter. The tone falls in this part of the name, so it takes on the fourth tone. Ping is fairly straightforward; it is pronounced much as it looks in English written form. One minor difference is that the ng is pronounced farther back and is more prominent than in English. The tone rises in this part of the name so it takes on the second tone.

Marx s Theory Of Capitalism - 882 Words

While some look at the United States of America as the land of free, the proverbial, land of milk and honey. Others argue that our nation is a corrupt land that is where only the affluent capitalists thrive while the rest of the country s workforce are heard through like cattle, only kept alive enough to keep them working to be the slaves of maintaining the gigantic corporations and business that they work for. This bleak look at the America’s foundation is conducted by Karl Marx, who saw capitalism as a dangerous and unstable economic system. Marx only saw commercialized society as a self-interested and competitive he only saw that this selfishness and competition would only cause separation, phenomena Marx referred to as â€Å"estrangement of labor† in other words, an ostracism of people their work, their relationship to other people and the alienation of mankind from itself. Marx did not merely critique the infrastructure of capitalism but also looked at its effects , specifically to the workers who he believed suffered the most at the hands of capitalism. Marx examined how workers were producing things that they could not easily afford for themselves; Marx thought of this as the worker losing connection to their art. To Marx a worker who could not afford something that they create makes the worker feel like they are not part of the production of what they are producing, taking away any joy, a worker might have had when they produce their goods. Furthermore, Marx saw aShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx s Theory Of Capitalism976 Words   |  4 Pagesthe reality of a capitalist society that was first discussed by Karl Marx in the 19th century. When Karl Marx first penned his shaping works on communism, he assumed that the relationship between workers and capital would always be opposing. While most rejected his overall theories, they did not argue with the basic idea that the interests of workers would always be at odds with those of owners. This is one of Marx s only theories that has proven to be true. As a consequence, over the years, thatRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Capitalism1676 Words   |  7 PagesGerman, Jewish intellectuals. The school consisted of quite a few Marx followers, which decided to take a narrow selection of Marx’s theory’s and ideas and take off with them. The school sought to update Marx and explain the longevity of capitalism. Since Marx did not originally think capitalism would last as long as it did the theorist at the Frankfurt school went about breaking it down and explaining it. The technical term for capitalism is an economy based system that is based on private ownershipRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Capitalism1951 Words   |  8 Pageswill be about Marx’s and Weber’s theory of capitalism and how it causes crime and deviance, it will also contain information about each Karl Marx’s and Max Weber’s theories, they both had some similarities where they agreed on some aspects of the rise of modern capitalism in the western world but they each also have some unique ideas on the topic. I will also explain how capitalism can have a cause on crime and deviance. Marx’s believed that the rise of the capitalism was found in the historic growthRead MoreMarx s Theory Of Capitalism982 Words   |  4 PagesMarx’s theory of capitalism is that there are two groups involved, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie is the factory owners and the proletariat is the working class. He perceives capitalism as the root of all evil, a process in which one group expresses dominion over another group and exploits them. The bourgeoisie owns most of the means of production while the proletariat owns very little of it. Instead they lack the time and energy to realize their class consciousness, or theRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Capitalism And Communism2258 Words   |  10 Pagesstate that Karl Marx, born in 1818 and died in 1883, is one of the founders of sociology, seeing as Marxism was named after his theories and thinking. (Biography) However he also developed and constructed many theories when talking about the economy, philosop hy and history and is best known as a communist (Biography). A great part of his life was used writing two of his well-known books, Das Kapital, written in 1867 (Marx, 2012: xii), and The Communist Manifesto, written in 1848 (Marx and Engels, 2013:Read MoreMax Weber And Marx s Theory On The Emergence Of Modern Capitalism2324 Words   |  10 PagesMax Weber like Marx and Engels produced a theory on the emergence of modern capitalism. Weber, unlike Marx and Engels, does not strictly use a historical materialist perspective to explain the appearance of capitalism. This is exemplified through his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. A historical materialist perspective on history designates economic factors as central to the way we define historical stages. Although Weber acknowledges the important impact that economic factorsRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Human Exploitation And Alienation Under Capitalism Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism is an economic sys tem in which the investment and distribution of wealth is maintained by individuals and businesses under little governmental regulation. It protects individual rights, allowing one to hold private property and investments in their own name. That being said, some, such as Karl Marx, find the capitalist system dehumanizing and see a dire need for its abolition. In this paper, I will present an argument against Karl Marx’s theory of human exploitation and alienation underRead MoreThe Labor Theory Of Value1696 Words   |  7 PagesThe labor theory of value is an economic theory first proposed by Adam Smith that states that the value of a good or service is determined by the labor it takes to create the product under normal circumstances. Furthermore, supply and demand do not affect value, only price. An economist and philosopher named Karl Marx believes this theory proves that capitalism is inherently exploitative of the working class. Every person has labor power, or the abi lity to work. However, labor power is fueled byRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1447 Words   |  6 Pagesculture and society. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim are the top three most important figures in sociology; and although each of them viewed religion differently, I strongly believe that they understood its power, and demonstrated its importance to people and societies. As such, I will utilize all three of these great minds, to demonstrate religion as an important and permanent part of culture and society. Let s begin with Karl Marx, and his conflict theory. According to Ashley Crossman

Casse Free Essays

Reproduced from 50 Activities for Teambuilding @ Mike Woodcock, Cower, Aldershot, 1988 CAVE RESCUE BRIEFING SHEET You have been called to an emergency meeting as one of your company’s experiments in a cave has gone badly wrong. Six volunteers have been taken into a cave system in a remote part of the country, connected only by a radio link to the research station by the cave entrance. It was intended that the volunteers would spend four days underground, but they have been trapped by falling rocks and rising water. We will write a custom essay sample on Casse or any similar topic only for you Order Now The only rescue team available tells you that rescue will be extremely difficult and only one person can be brought out each hour with the equipment at their disposal. It is likely that the rapidly rising water will drown some of the volunteers before rescue  can take place. The volunteers are aware of the dangers of their plight. They have contacted the research  station  using radio link and said that they are unwilling to take a decision as to the sequence by which they will be rescued. The responsibility for making this decision now rests with your committee. Lifesaving equipment will arrive in fifty minutes at the cave entrance and you will need to advise the team of the order for rescue by completing the ranking sheet. The only information you have available is drawn from the project files and is reproduced on the volunteer personal details sheet. You may use any criteria  you think fit to help you make  a decision. Volunteer 1: Helen Helen is 34 years old and a housewife. She has four children aged between 7 months and 8 years. Her hobbies are ice skating and cooking. She lives in a pleasant house in Gloucester, and was born in England. Helen is known to have developed a romantic and sexual relationship with another volunteer (Owen). Volunteer 2: Tozo Tozo is 19 years  old and a sociology student at Keele University. She is the daughter of wealthy Japanese parents who live in Tokyo. Her father is an industrialist who is also a national authority on traditional Japanese mime theatre. Tozo is unmarried but has several high-born suitors as she is outstandingly attractive. She has recently been the subject of a TV documentary on Japanese womanhood and flower arranging. Volunteer 3: Jobe Jobe is a man of 41 years and was born in Central Africa. He is a minister of religion whose life’s work has been devoted  to the social and  political evolution  of African peoples. Jobe is a member of the Communist Party and has paid several visits to the USSR in recent years. He is married with seven children whose ages range from 6 years to 19 years. His hobby is playing in a jazz band. Volunteer 4:Owen Owen is an unmarried man of 27 years. As a short-commission army officer he spent part of his service in Northern Ireland where, as an undercover agent, he received special recognition. Since returning to civilian life he has been unsettled and drinking has become a persistent problem. At present he is a Youth Adventure Leader, devoting much energy to helping young people and leading caving groups. His recreation is driving sports cars. He lives in Brecon, South Wales. Volunteer 5: Paul Paul is a man of 42 who has been divorced for six years. His ex-wife is now happily re-married. He was born in Scotland, but now lives in Richmond, Surrey. Paul works as a medical research scientist at the Hammersmith Hospital and he is recognized as a world authority on the treatment of rabies. He has recently developed a low-cost treatment which could be self administered. Much of this research data is still in his working notebooks. Unfortunately, Paul has experienced some emotional difficulties in recent years and has twice been convicted of indecent behaviour. The last occasion was 11 months ago. His hobbies are classical music, opera and sailing. Volunteer 6: Edward Edward is a man of 59 years. He is General Manager of a factory producing rubber belts for machines. The factory employs 71 persons. He is a prominent in local society. He is married with two children who have their own families and have moved away from his home. Edward has recently returned from Poland where he was personally responsible for promoting a contract to supply large numbers of  industrial belts over a five year period. This contract, if signed, would mean work for another 25 people. Edward’s hobbies include collecting antique guns and he intends to write a book about Civil War Armaments on his retirement. He is  also a strong cricket supporter. CAVE RESCUE REVIEW SHEET ORDER OF RESCUE -INDIVIDUAL RANKINGS NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 ORDER OF RESCUE- GROUP RANKINGS NAME 1 2 3 4 5 6 Download How to cite Casse, Essay examples

3 Day Diet free essay sample

After completing my three day food intake in iProfile, I was given a closer examination at where my strengths and weaknesses lie in terms of my diet. Most of my protein came in the form of protein shakes, and meat, my carbohydrates were from waffles or the occasional potato, and my lipid intake is from the meat I eat. I noticed that I consume a lot of protein, a moderate amount of fat, and not enough carbohydrates. I feel in order to meet my DRI for carbohydrates I could add more whole grains like wheat bread, or brown rice and that may help. I do feel that most of the protein I ate are complete proteins since they came from meat and eggs, but I also supplement amino acids into my diet since I am so physically active and need the extra boost to protein synthesis. It is important to get a lot of complete proteins because they contain the essential amino acids that they body doesn’t produce on its own. We will write a custom essay sample on 3 Day Diet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So after my three days of recording I realized that I am not eating the proper amount of calories for my level of activity, and that I need to eat more carbohydrates. I plan to remedy this by trying to eat smaller more varied meals throughout the day in addition to what I normally eat. Macronutrient intake is important for many reason, the main one being providing the body with the appropriate level of energy. Too much macronutrient intake can lead to obesity and disease, while too little can lead to a weakened immune system, and a general level of weakness and malnutrition. Protein is a macronutrient which in proper amounts helps build muscle and support organ function. Too much protein can lead to liver problems, kidney problems, and weight gain, and not enough can leave you with poor muscle tone, and can impair your immune system. Eating too many carbohydrates can lead to obesity, while not consuming enough can lead to malnutrition. Eating too many food sources containing fat or lipids can lead to higher cholesterol and cardiac disease, while eating the right amount can help decrease the risk of high cholesterol and heart disease. Fiber in my diet didn’t quite make the mark either during the three days covered according to my iProfile. I can see why this would be so considering I really don’t eat many whole grains. I do try and eat a lot of vegetables and fruit, but I am thinking I am really going to need to increase this. Most of my daily fiber comes from my morning meals which generally consist of eggs, and some form of fruit. So after three days of recording what I eat, I can see that while I do not include a lot of unhealthy foods in my diet, I do not include enough food into my diet period. I am a heavily active individual, and as such I am realizing that I need to bring up my calorie intake to properly fuel my body. I meet my protein intake but fall short everywhere else. I will be trying to eat more fiber and carbohydrates in the form of fruits and vegetables from now on. My meals have been incorporating ,more legumes since the start of this class and I am going to be trying to find ways to increase my fiber intake. I don’t drink juice, but I imagine if I did, it could help increase my caloric intake as well as my fiber intake. I do take in a proper amount of protein, so I don’t worry about any problems with muscle development or impaired organ function, but I keep consumption in safe levels to avoid kidney problems. Carbohydrates are something I can increase since a lack of them can contribute to malnutrition and general weakness. A sufficient amount of fiber is important too since it helps bowel function and will help prevent diseases like diverticulitis. Lastly, the proper amount of fat in your diet is necessary to maintain healthy levels of cholesterol and help prevent heart disease.

Taxation Theory Practice Law Assignment †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Taxation Theory Practice Law Assignment? Answer: Introducation Net capital gains and net capital losses are as a result of the capital gain tax legislation. When a tax payer disposes of a capital asset, they usually realise either a capital loss or capital gain. When preparing annual tax returns, the tax payer must report the capital gains and capital losses. The capital gains tax forms part of the tax payers income tax (Austrian Taxation Office, 2017a). Losses arising from the disposal of capital assets cannot be offset by the income tax; this can only be offset by the capital gains. The computations of capital gains or capital losses are done upon the disposal of capital assets such as real estate, share and related investments, collectables and personal use assets. Net capital gains and Net capital losses can be calculated as follows Net Capital Gain = Gains from disposal of Capital Assets during the fiscal year - Losses from the disposal of Capital Assets realised in the current or prior periods - Any allowable discounts When computing capital gains and capital losses there are special rules. For collectables (these are items meant for the comfort and personal use of the taxpayer. Collectables include items such as antiques, jewellery, paintings, and photographs) whose value is less than or equal to $500 upon disposal any capital gains or capital losses are disregarded (Australian Taxation Office, 2017a). accounting losses on collectables can only be offset by capital gains from collectables. Similarly for personal assets (for example electric items, household fittings and furniture, and boats) whose values are less than or equal to $10,000 the capital gains loss or capital gain realised upon disposal are not taken into consideration. The net capital gain and capital loss are computed as follows Total Acquisition Costs of Collectables = $2,000 + $ 3,000 + $ 9,000 = $ 14,000 Total Disposal Value of Collectables = $ 3,000 + $ 1, 000 + $1,000 = $ 5,000 Disposal Costs less Acquisition Costs of Collectables = $ 5,000 - $ 14, 000 = - $ 9,000 Disposal Value Less Acquisition Cost Personal Use Item = $ 11,000 - $ 12,000 = - $ 1,000 Disposal Value Less Acquisition Cost of Shares= $ 20,000 - $ 5,000 = $ 15,000 A net loss of $9,000 is realised on the sale of collectables. The personal use item had a value greater than $ 10,001 therefore the resulting loss of $1,000 is applied to the gain of $ 15,000. The net capital gain is $ 14,000. The loan given by the bank to Brian is what is commonly referred to as a fringe benefit. A fringe benefit is defined as a means of paying for the performance of services by the employer to the employee (Internal Revenue Services, n.d.). The award of the fringe benefit can be extended to non-employees such as independent contractors, the members of the board of directors of the company, future employees, and retired employees. There are different types of fringe benefits including unemployment insurance, life insurance, loans, healthcare insurance, disability payments, retirement schemes, travelling concessions for former employees, free meals, accommodation, recreation allowances (Human Resource Management, 2017). According to the criteria set out by the Australian Taxation Office, the loan provided to Brian is not simply just a loan but a loan fringe benefits because it is given at a rate that is less than the benchmark rate determined by the monetary authorities (the Reserve bank of Australia) [Australian Taxation Office, 2017b]. The benchmark interest rate in Australia as at 1 April 2016 was 5.65%. The taxable value of the loan fringe benefit is computed as the difference between the benchmark interest less the actual interest rate. When computation of the taxable value, the deductible rule provided by the Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act of 1986. s.19(1)(b) is taken into consideration. The deductible arises because Brian used 40% of the funds for income generation purposes. Value of Taxable Loan Fringe Benefits = (Value of loan x Benchmark Rate) (Value of loan x Actual interest rate) = (5.65% x $ 1, 000, 000) (1% x $ 1,000, 000) = $ 56,500 - $ 10,000 = $ 46,500 Interest Rate Deductible = 40% (5.65% x $ 1,000, 000) 40% (1% x $ 1,000, 000) = $22, 600 - $ 4,000 =$ 18,600 Taxable Value = $ 46,500 - $ 18, 600 = $ 27,900 Interest Payable at the End of the Loan Period In situations where the employee is allowed to pay the interest on the loan less frequently than every six months, the loan is treated as having been separately loaned at the end of six months (Australian Taxation Office, 2017b). Taxable Value of Loan Fringe Benefit at Interest-Free Rate The taxable value of the debt waiver fringe benefit is the value of the amount that was waived. In the case of Brain this is the amount of the interest waived on the loan. Interest waived = 1% x 3x $ 1,000,000 = $ 30,000 In legal parlance, the term joint tenancy refers to a unique form of property ownership whereby two or more individuals have ownership of the same property (Farlex, n.d.). In the arrangement, the persons who are joint tenants have equal ownership in the given property, and equal right to retain or dispose of the property. The joint tenancy agreement creates the right of survivorship which stipulates that when one tenant dies, the dead tenants rights in the property are transferred to the surviving member. The joint tenancy has four main features namely (i) Each tenant has an undivided interest in the entire property, the share of each tenant is equal with no tenant being able to have a larger share than the others; (ii) The property of the persons in the joint tenancy are fixed for the same period of time; (iii) The joint tenants have only one title; and (iv) the individual joint tenants have similar rights. For the purposes of computing tax obligations, the legislation maintains where two or more persons own a property as joint tenants, then the net loss or gain is divided amongst them in line with their legal interest in the property (Australian Taxation Office, 2017c). Any arrangement by the joint tenants to divide the income and expenses in proportions that are not equal has no effect for tax purposes. Therefore, Jack and Jill will divided the net loss between them in an equal ratio. For the purposes of capital gains tax, the joint tenants are taken to have common equal shares and rights in the property. Therefore, each of the joint tenants has an equal share in the capital gain or capital loss upon disposal of the property (Australian Taxation Office, 2017d). When Jack and Jill sell the property, the capital loss will be shared equally between them. In the case of the Inland Revenue Commissioner v. Duke of Westminster [1935] it was established that the Duke of Westminster executed deed with people in his employment that included his gardener in which he made a covenant to pay the employees a given weekly sum for a period of seven years or during the lives of the parties in the covenant. The amount to be paid was equivalent to the wages that the employees were receiving. Under the tax provisions that prevailed at that time, the arrangement made by the Duke of Westminster enabled him to reduce his tax burden. The issue raised by the Inland Revenue Commissioner (IRC) was that the amount paid under the deed during the period of time when the employees were in the service of the Duke amounted to remunerations for services rendered thus they were not allowable deductibles in the liability for surtax. The IRC maintained that the arrangement by the Duke was meant to avoid the full tax obligations. The court found in favour of the Duke of Westminster stating that the taxpayer has the right to take actions or make provisions to reduce their tax liability in line with the given laws that prevail at the time. This case established the principle of tax avoidance that is every individual is entitled to arrange their affairs so as to reduce their tax liability as long as their actions are in line with the law (Murphy, 2012). Relevance of IRC v. Duke of Westminster [1935] The ruling by the court is attractive for individuals hoping to reduce their tax burden by formulating complex transactions and contracts. However, over the years, the courts have weakened the principles of tax avoidance, limiting the legal methods available to avoid taxes. In their rulings, the courts have established what is known as the Ramsay principle. This principle states that where a transaction does not make sense without the tax benefit, the proper approach is to tax the entire transaction (W T Ramsay Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1981]). Additionally, subsequent amendments to the tax legislation in Australia have been geared at reducing tax avoidance and increasing the revenue collected. Allowing taxpayers to pay lower rates would essentially lower the governments revenue which would reduce the quality and quantity of services offered to the citizens. The principles established in the IRC v. Duke of Westminster [1935] are relevant in Australia. However, the taxation authorities are taking measures to reduce the degree of applicability. The Australian Taxation Office has established Taxation Ruling 95/6 (TR 95/6). This ruling sets out the degree to which receipts realised from the sale of timber can be treated as assessable income, irrespective of whether or not the taxpayers key business is related to the forestry industry (Australian Taxation Office, 2017e). Section 22 of the ruling indicates that the receipts realised on the disposal of trees owned by the taxpayer irrespective of whether or not the taxpayer is in the forestry business is assessable income in the year in which the sale occurred. The taxable value depends on the market value prevailing on the day of disposal or where there is no sufficient evidence of the market value, the value which the Commissioner deems reasonable (paragraph 36 (8) (a)). Therefore, Bill would be assessed on the sale of timber to the logging company. A royalty is defined as income derived from the use of the taxpayers property (University of Richmond, 2017). The payment of royalties is related to the use of a valuable right. By granting the logging company the right to cut down the tree, the income earned will be considered as a royalty. According to TR 95/6 royalties obtained by the taxpayer by giving the right to fell trees on land owned by the taxpayer are considered assessable income of the taxpayer. References Australian Taxation Office (2017a). Capital gains tax. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Capital-gains-tax/ (Accessed 11 September 2017). Australian Taxation Office (2017b). Chapter 8 - Loan and debt waiver fringe benefits. Available at https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?DocID=SAV/FBTGEMP/00009PiT =99991231235958/? page=3#8_3_What_is_a_loan_fringe_benefit_ (Accessed 11 September 2017). Australian Taxation Office (2017c). Co-ownership of rental property. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Forms/Rental-properties-2013-14/?page=5 Australian Taxation Office (2017d). Joint tenants. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/tax-return/2017/in-detail/publications/guide-to-capital-gains-tax-2017/?page=94 (Accessed 11 September 2017). Australian Taxation Office. (2017e). TR 95/6. Income tax: primary production and forestry. Available at https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?docid=txr/tr956/nat/ato/00001 Farlex (n.d.) Joint Tenancy. Available at: https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/joint+tenancy (Accessed 11 September 2017). Fringe Benefits Tax Assessment Act of 1986. s.19(1)(b).Sydney: Australian Government Publishing Services. Internal Revenue Services. Fringe Benefits. Available at: https://www.irs.gov/publications/p15b/ar02.html#en_US_2017_publink1000193623 (Accessed 11 September 2017) IRC v. Duke of Westminster [1935] All ER 259 (H.L.) London: HMSO Human Resource Management. (2017). Types of fringe benefits. Citeman, 12 January. Available at: https://www.citeman.com/1359-types-of-fringe-benefits.html. (Accessed 11 September 2017). Murphy, R. (2012). The duke of Westminster is dead: Long live the Duke of Westminster. Tax Research UK, 10 August. Available at: https://www.taxresearch.org.uk/Blog/2012/08/10/the-duke-of-westminster-is-dead-long-live-the-duke-of-westminster/ (Accessible 11 September 2017). W T Ramsay Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1981] HL 12. London: HMSO