A Social Perspective On Class Society - 1081 Words

Having studied this topic, I understand that historical interpretations on specific areas of class and its meaning are in some ways entwined together ultimately resulting in a societal action. In a class society, the underlying social issues in regards to members of a specific class; the concealed feelings of the lower class in relation to their social standing within society, consequently forms a class consciousness therefore determining a social revolution. Marxism being a conflict theory primarily focuses on class and its meaning within society. Having read historiographies around this topic, it has also compelled me to reflect upon what the theory advocates; why a society that embodies classes will always be inherently unstable due†¦show more content†¦This is a long term process as â€Å"Class, after all, is not only about resistance and struggle; it can be (perhaps is most often) about subordination, suppressed anger, bitten lips† It is evident that the subord inated working class are voiceless for a significant period of time until an action comes into place. It is a build-up of suppressive emotions ultimately leading into a socialist revolt to bring about social change. This psychoanalysis approach adopted by Andy wood proves to be essential as it provides a more detailed and novel insight into how individuals within a class feel as it reveals the hidden anxieties and emotions of individuals whose lives are grounded by exploitation. This psychohistorical approach not only helps to understand the affects that of the existence of class in a given society as well as to highlight how vital it is for there to be a sense of collective identity and meanings amongst masses. The concept of class consciousness can be seen to be directly linked to Marx’s explanation of a social revolution. This reflection is expressed by David Howell who cited E.P Thompson’s historical writing who suggests individuals that shared a common experience within their societal class provided a basis of a united consciousness and collective action. An effective societal action such as a socialist

The Physiological Phenomena During Sex - 923 Words

This paper will explore the physiological phenomena during sex and if it holds to be proven about all creatures. Sigmund Freud invented Psychoanalysis, which is the theory and therapy of treating people who suffer from nervous disorders by researching the unconscious mind that makes us repress or push our urges and desires. From Psychoanalysis, stems Psychosexual development, which believe that from birth humans experience sxual energy going through five stages in their life. This theory could have inspired the two researchers between the late 1950s and early 1960s, William H. Masters and his partner, Virginia E. Johnson. Masters and Johnson deeply investigated the physiological changes a male and female experience during sex and how long†¦show more content†¦Despite of all the data Masters and Johnson collected, Shere Hite was one their criticizer, who strongly believe there was some faults in the information they wrote about females and orgasms. The following questions w ill answer the confusion about sexuality: What is Psychosexuality and how does it impact Masters and Johnson’s work? Does animals prove the Human Sexual Response cycle? Does Hite highlight the flaws in the Human Sexual Response? Therefore, Masters and Johnson s human sexual cycle is accurate because it efficiently sorts the physiological changes for all creatures. Psychosexuality Animals and the human sexual response. In the empirical article, What Can Animal Models Tell Us About Human Sexual Response? eas done by James G Pfaus, Tod E. Kippin, Genaro Coria-Avila explains the Human Sexual Response done by sex researchers, William Masters and Virginia Johnson. The Human Sexual Response is a four stage model that has to do with physiological responses of sexual stimulation. The question the focuses on was what can animal models tell us about human sexual response and the hypothesis they focus on to examine how it causes desire and how sexual stimulation. Neuroendocrinologist study animals, while Clinicians focus on humans and in this type of field, rarely worked together. However, it makes sense that they work together in this topic because humans copulatoryShow MoreRelatedThe Charmed Circle By Rubin Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion Four The charmed circle explained by Rubin is a system that illustrates that â€Å"sexuality that is ‘good,’ ‘normal,’ and ‘natural’ should ideally be heterosexual, marital, monogamous, reproductive, and non-commercial† (1984:101). Therefore any other sex act that goes against the charmed circle is deemed as negative or bad to society. Essentially the charmed circle is a structure of how cultures evaluate sexual acts. The system of the charmed circle violates the standards of fairness, or the AmericanRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay2576 Words   |  11 Pagesdifferent motivational perspectives in order to gain a holistic understanding of the phenomena. 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Challenges of Counseling Survivors of Abuse

Question: Discuss about the Challenges of Counseling Survivors of Abuse. Answer: Introduction Counseling therapy is one of the most relevant mental health therapy used in the treatment of survivors of abuse. The counseling therapy helps to enhance the self-respect of the victim through the enhancement of patients self-esteem. It is done by the establishment of therapeutic relationship with the patient and promoting the positive thought process of the victim, while hindering the negative thoughts (Ivey et al. 2013). There are different types of abuse happening in the society, the most common forms of abuse include the domestic violence, child abuse, sexual and psychological abuse. The domestic abuse is one of the challenges in the modern society. Researchers are attempting to explore new windows for dealing with the survivors of domestic abuse (Gladding 2012). In this context, domestic abuse has been taken significant recognition as a successful intervention for dealing with the survivors of the domestic abuse and achieved significant success. There a number of studies, that e xplained the ways by which the counselor facilitated the recovery from domestic abuse within a secure and supportive therapeutic relationship (Dal Santo et al. 2014). The domestic abuse includes any kind of abuse that is performed within the family. Here, the focus of the discussion would be the challenges of counselor survivors of the domestic abuse and the implication of it for mental health practice. Discussion Domestic abuse and domestic violence is one of the most significant issues in modern society, which has become a burden of the modern society. Domestic abuse is usually seen mostly in women and children (Kane et al. 2014). Statically, it has been shown that thousands of children are abused physically, sexually or mentally by their parent or some other family members. Child abuse can be defined as the action of a carer, which can significantly harm a childs mental or physical health. When the children are abused by their family members, it is considered as the domestic abuse. The survivor of childhood sexual or psychological abuse by a domestic member faces issues in their relationships, but there are support and help available for the victims. One of such support is individual counseling, which can assist the victims to address issues of trust and anger that might resurfaced in further life (Dal Santo et al. 2014). Another type of child abuse include witnessing abusive action upon their carers, mostly mothers, which also affect significantly in their mental, physical as well as emotional development. It is also very common form of domestic abuse; women are mostly abused physically, psychologically or s exually by their intimate partners. Survivors often experience frequent mental illness and lack of trust upon anyone. Challenges of Working with Counseling Survivors of Domestic Abuse Counseling is a promising approach to deal with the domestic abuse and related issues, many has shown significant benefit, which restored their normal lifestyle with the reduction of psychological issues. However, there are a number of challenges experienced by the counselor or other professionals to work with the survivors of domestic abuse during the counseling sessions. According to Egbochuku (2009) the low resource settings, where the counselor works, combined with the degree and intensity of contact, have a direct effect upon the counselors in promoting or disintegrating stress. It is very difficult to measure the intensity of the emotions experienced by a counselor in a session, but one can only imagine. Burnout due to the counter-transference is a common phenomenon, experienced by the counselors working with the victims of domestic abuse (Curtis et al. 2013). According to the viewpoint of a colleague counselor who has also and experience of working with the victim Jane, At one point I felt like slapping her, I saw my kid sister in Jane, I longed to beat some sense into her head. Some common challenges experienced by the counselors include the far for clients safety, sense of helplessness and powerlessness. The counselors expressed the feelings of omnipotence, which significantly enhanced the demands and challenges of working with the domestic abuse survivors. Survivors of abuse might impose relational challenges upon the counselor (Kezelman and Stavropoulos 2012). These service users are usually mistrustful, but they often need a trustworthy relationship. Sometimes, counselor finds himself over fascinated by a victims abuse history or sometimes due to some of their personal reasons; they attempt to avoid the discussion of abuse. One common challenge of working with the survivors of the domestic abuse is the limitation of professional boundaries. As the domestic abuse and neglect is based on the violation of trust, it is critical for the counselor to maintain a professional relationship with the implementation of professional boundaries and limitations properly (Francis 2014). Mostly, in the case of domestic abuse, the victims go through severe violations by the family members and they need emotional support. Here, the professionals often cross the professional boundaries. When two people undergo a counseling session for solving an issue, sometimes they forget that they are not friends; rather, they have a business relationship. Often counselors play a rescue role, which is not the job of a counselor. They have only to encourage the client to reach the finish line. Poor boundaries or losses of professional boundaries promote the therapist to feel like the client (Foster et al. 2012). It promotes compassion fa tigue, the service user may feel betrayed, poorly served and abandoned. There would also have increased potential for splitting on teams. Poor boundaries promote the service providers to act unethically. Loose boundaries enhance the chances of dual relationships, as it promotes personal relationship with the client beyond the counseling sessions. Another common pitfall is, if the clients values, relationship, feelings or lifestyle issues conflict with the service providers values or practices. It can reduce the clients self-esteem, if the counselor, in spite of empowering the client, point out clients negative beliefs and perspectives. Another major challenge, which is often done by many counselors, while working with the domestic abuse patients (www.youtube.com 2016). They play the hero role, needing to save the client, which is not the role of the counselor. In theory, it is nice, but it is not the exact role of the counselor. It enhances the expectation of the client that every time she will be rescued by the counselor. Especially, in the case of domestic abuse victims, the reliability and expectation would be high, as the client has a chance of repetitive abuse by the family member (Gladding 2012). Thus, it hinders the recovery of the client through the positive thought process. Vicarious trauma is another challenge, whic h is a trauma symptoms experienced by a service provider, after hearing the clients experiences. It is very hard for the therapist or the counselor to deal with the situation, to maintain the required level of detachment with the client, while empathizing the client. The counselor, when fails to recognize the boundary between supporting the client with his abusive experience and feeling same experience as a victim, it leads to the occurrence of vicarious trauma (Kongstvedt 2012). One common pitfall, often shown, while working with the victims of domestic abuse, is poor teamwork. Teamwork is very important for dealing with the victim of domestic abuse. However, if the counselor thinks that, he or she is the only one who can handle the situation; it might cause miscommunication throughout the team and thereby reducing the patients outcomes. When the client-counselor relationship goes beyond the professional boundaries, the chance of accessing the clients personal information enhances, which violates the ethical considerations (Weisz et al. 2012). Sometimes, too much self-disclosure shifts the focus from the client to the service provider, thereby confusing the client in terms of roles and expectations of the relationship. There are a number of ethical dilemmas experienced by the counselors. It is often inevitable that the victim of domestic abuse is exploited as the only source of information concerning child abuse. One potential negative consequence of mandating a report might be in direct opposition to the wishes of the victim and to empowerment, objectives discussed in the therapy settings (Kaae et al. 2012). Some victims never disclose their abuse during the sessions, many do so as the client-clinician relationship strengthens and a trustworthy bond is formed. The victim, whether she discloses the domestic abuse directly in the counseling session or not, is in a highly vulnerable position. The victim is often taking potentially dangerous steps, as she needs assistance regarding the abusive and coercive relationship (Gladding 2012). Sometimes, clinician inadvertently becomes an authoritarian figure, where the he or she plays the role by directing the victim in an effort to improve the victims life and ensuring safety. In these kinds of situation, the victim can feel as being coercive within a non-egalitarian client-clinician relationship, which is similar to the form of abuse from which the victim wants to be free. Thus, when the domestic abuse is disclosed by a client, the clinician should adhere to mandatory reporting laws and the ethical duty for protecting, which is often opposed by the ethical issues of confidentiality and respect for consumers autonomy (www.youtube.com 2016). From the above discussion, the key challenges experienced by the professionals working with the victims of domestic abuse included transference, which can be referred to the feelings and issues transferred by the client to the counselor through the client-clinician relationship. The other one is countertransference, which is referred to the responses and reactions of the counselor towards the client, which are directed by the background and the personal issues of the counselor (Muskett 2014). It often promotes the counselor to go beyond the objectivity of the counseling session and become overwhelmed. Secondary traumatization has also been highlighted, which is often painful for the counselors, including burnout. Implication of Challenges on Mental Health Practice For avoiding the above discussed challenges, while working with domestic abuse victims, the counselor should establish and maintain a treatment frame, which are required for supporting a professional relationship and they should ensure that the professional relationship should not be confused with the personal relationship. Therefore, the key suggestion for the counselor is to retain the professional boundaries and limitations as much as possible. The counselor should attempt to generate a safe and empowering atmosphere for the service user and should decrease acting out through the practice of grounding techniques (Ivey et al. 2013). These techniques include anchoring or grounding the client, mirroring and proper way of timeout. The counselor should avoid joining in the disruptive behavior of the client in any ways. Another implication for the mental health practitioners is avoiding the role of rescuer (Kezelman and Stavropoulos 2012). The counselor in such critical situation should use his own strong viewpoints in an environment, which is entirely different from the client-counselor relationship, which can help the counselor not to confuse their own issues with the client. Another suggestion for the professionals is to recognize their professional boundaries properly. If it has been seen that, the counselor is not compatible with a client, then with the consent of the client, another counselor should take his responsibilities (Ivey et al. 2013). In addition to the counselor, the mental health agency should also fulfill their responsibility to support the counselor. According to the Consensus Panel, the agency should provide the counselor, a sense of mission to work with the domestic abuse patients. The agency should provide trauma training to the counselor regarding the proper ways of handling trauma cases. The supporting staff members should also be aware of the professional limitations, thereby ensuring their responsibilities not leading to burnout (Francis 2014). The agency should also allow the counselors with unstructured time, when they would be able to talk to each other and transfer support. Conclusion In the discussion paper, the focus was the challenges faced by the professionals, who are working with the domestic abuse victims. The previous literatures identified different types of domestic abuse and the impact of counseling sessions on their recovery. Different significant challenges and issues were identified, which are experienced by the professionals, which are affecting them significantly. The discussion paper also included the implications for the mental health professionals as well as mental health agencies regarding the ways by which they can handle these challenges potentially. Reference List Curtis, R., Thompson, H., Juhnke, G.A. and Frick, M.H., 2013. Treatment Fit: A Description and Demonstration via Video of a Brief and Functional Treatment Fit Model. The Professional Counselor, p.141. Dal Santo, L., Pohl, S., Saiani, L. and Battistelli, A., 2014. Empathy in the emotional interactions with patients. Is it positive for nurses too?. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4(2), p.74. Egbochuku, E.O., 2009. Counselling Communication Skills: Its Place In The Training Programme Of A Counselling Psychologist. Edo Journal of Counselling, 1(1), pp.16-32. Foster, K., O'Brien, L. and Korhonen, T., 2012. Developing resilient children and families when parents have mental illness: A familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ focused approach.International journal of mental health nursing, 21(1), pp.3-11. Francis, A., 2014. Strengths-based assessments and recovery in mental health: reflections from practice. International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice, 2, pp.264-271. Gladding, S.T., 2012. Counseling: A comprehensive profession. Pearson Higher Ed. Gladding, S.T., 2012. Counseling: A comprehensive profession. Pearson Higher Ed. Ivey, A.E., Ivey, M. and Zalaquett, C.P., 2013. Intentional interviewing and counseling: Facilitating client development in a multicultural society. Nelson Education. Kaae, S., Traulsen, J.M. and Nrgaard, L.S., 2012. Challenges to counseling customers at the pharmacy counterWhy do they exist?. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 8(3), pp.253-257. Kane, G.M., Snowden, A. and Martin, C.R., 2014. Empathy in mental health nursing: learned, acquired or lost?. British Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2(1), 28-36 Kezelman, C. and Stavropoulos, P., 2012. Practice guidelines for treatment of complex trauma and trauma informed care and service delivery. Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. Kongstvedt, P.R., 2012. Essentials of managed health care. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Muskett, C., 2014. Traumaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), pp.51-59. Weisz, J.R., Chorpita, B.F., Palinkas, L.A., Schoenwald, S.K., Miranda, J., Bearman, S.K., Daleiden, E.L., Ugueto, A.M., Ho, A., Martin, J. and Gray, J., 2012. Testing standard and modular designs for psychotherapy treating depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in youth: A randomized effectiveness trial. Archives of general psychiatry, 69(3), pp.274-282. www.youtube.com, 2016. Ethics And Boundary Issues in Counseling--CEUs for LPC, LMHC, LCSW. [online] YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxp7YqJ7n5Qfeature=youtu.be [Accessed 5 Sep. 2016].

Internal and External Analysis of Xiaomi free essay sample

China is without a doubt one of the strongest manufacturers in the world. This is due to cheap labor and due to the technology built over time. Xiaomi is a company from Beijing in China which manufactures Smartphones. Its Mi and Redmi range of smartphones are famous and well adapted to the market. SWOT analysis is a vital strategic planning tool that can be used by Xiaomi managers to do a situational analysis of the organization. It is an important technique to understand the present Strengths (S), Weakness (W), Opportunities (O) Threats (T) Xiaomi is facing in its current business environment. The SWOT Analysis framework helps an organization to identify the internal strategic factors such as -strengths and weaknesses, external strategic factors such as opportunities and threats. It leads to a 2X2 matrix – also known as SWOT Matrix. The main purpose of SWOT matrix is to identify the strategies that an organization can use to exploit external opportunities, counter threats, and build on protect Xiaomi strengths, and eradicate its weaknesses. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Analysis of Xiaomi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANALYSIS OF XIAOMI by using SWOT ANALYSIS: STRENGHTS:As one of the leading organizations in its industry, Xiaomi has numerous strengths that enable it to thrive in the market place. These strengths not only help it to protect the market share in existing markets but also help in penetrating new markets. Based on Fern Fort University extensive research – some of the strengths of Xiaomi are –†¢ Successful track record of developing new products – product innovation. †¢ Highly successful at Go To Market strategies for its products.†¢ Strong Free Cash Flow – Xiaomi has strong free cash flows that provide resources in the hand of the company to expand into new projects.†¢ Highly skilled workforce through successful training and learning programs. Xiaomi is investing huge resources in training and development of its employees resulting in a workforce that is not only highly skilled but also motivated to achieve more.

Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Essay Example

Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Essay Example Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Essay Bartleby the Scrivener Essay Essay Essay Topic: Bartleby the Scrivener Bartleby the Scrivener Outline I. Introduction: A. Plot Overview B. Thesis Statement: The short story Bartleby the Scrivener is very difficult to interpret. However, I am going to interpret what I believe the reader should know for certain about Bartleby and why Melville provides so little explicit information about Bartleby. II. About Bartleby A. Bartleby is very complex character B. He is passively stubborn C. He looses interest in his work III. Why Melville provides little information about Bartleby? A. To connect with the reader B. To leave room for interpretation IV. Conclusion: A. Restate thesis B. Reflections â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street† The short story Bartleby the Scrivener is very difficult to interpret. The author uses vague and confusing language to describe the Lawyer’s employee named Bartleby. However, I am going to interpret what I believe the reader should know for certain about Bartleby and why Melville provides so little explicit information about Bartleby. The short story Bartleby the Scrivener centers on a scrivener name Bartleby for a law firm. The story is narrated by the Lawyer, who employs Bartleby, and tells the story of his strangest employee Bartleby. The Lawyer has two other scriveners, Turkey and Nippers, and an errand boy, Ginger Nut but finds Bartleby to be the most interesting of all the scriveners. As the story begins, the Lawyer realizes he needs another copyist. Bartleby answers the ad, and the Lawyer hires him. Bartleby writes swiftly and accurately for the first few days. The plot of the story revolves around Bartlebys refusal to carry out his employers orders. When asked to perform a task, Bartleby frequently responds, I would prefer not to(pg. 160). This particularly passive form of resistance causes his employer much concern. Eventually, Bartleby refuses to do anything at all and simply stares vacantly at the wall. The narrators feelings for Bartleby alternate between pity and revulsion. The lawyer ends up firing Bartleby; however Bartleby prefers not to leave. After the narrator attempts to reason with Bartleby, the scrivener is forcibly removed and imprisoned. The narrator visits Bartleby to find him in the same state of mind preferring to even eat. When the narrator visits again a few days later, he discovered Bartleby dead. Bartleby had starved. The Lawyer then ends his narration of the story with the one clue he was ever able to discover about Bartleby which was a rumor that the late scrivener once worked at the Dead Letter office, and was fired after the administration changed hands. This left the narrator along with the reader to wonder whether it was this job, sad and depressing as it is, that drove Bartleby to his strange madness. The reader is left wondering what happened to this rather strange man and attempting to describe or understand Bartleby is complicated. It is difficult to attempt to describe Bartlebys because the reader is practically given no information on him besides the physical characteristics. However, there are a few things the reader should know for certain about Bartleby. For one, we know that Bartleby is a complex character and passively prefers not to discuss his life and his past. Bartleby is homeless and does not eat much. He’s also passively stubborn and very set in his ways. Melville uses the adjectives to describe the scrivener: pallid, forlorn, even cadaverous. These adjectives paint an unhealthy image of Bartleby of physical weakness. However, Bartleby’s passive resistance to anything demanded for him to do or suggested to him is unbreakable making him incredibly mentally strong. Bartlebys quiet but impenetrable resistance ends up isolating him from the rest of the characters in the story. The decline of Bartleby pointed out through numerous details of the story, forces the reader to make conclusions about the Bartleby’s character. Bartleby’s death suggests the effects of depression. He literally had no motivation to survive so he refrained from eating. However, we really never know why or what causing this odd behavior because Melville provides little information about the character Bartleby. The way Melville provides so little explicit information about Bartleby is particularly important to this story. In fact we dont know anything about any of the characters beyond what theyre like in the office, not even our narrator. He could have chosen any number of different angles from which to provide information about Bartleby. His choice of the lawyer allows us to get close to Bartleby, but still feel profoundly mystified by him. Melville leaves out a lot of explicit information about the scrivener and through this perspective, we quickly identify with the conflicted feelings of the Narrator. The story draws the reader in emotionally as if though the reader, like the Narrator, is involved in trying to deal personally with Bartleby. Through his telling of the story, the reader begins to strongly identify with the narrator and see Bartleby as both pathetic and a little frightening. We also see everything through Bartlebys coworkers, who are directly affected by the scriveners inaction. Also the story takes place in a law office populated by a set of odd men, whose relationships with each are suppose to be professional in nature. So I believe Melville provided little information because the business-based world in which the characters operate had no room for personal interaction. Melville’s technique keeps the reader fully engaged with the story as it headed towards its tragic ending. Even though the story â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† portrays the decline of Bartleby character as seen by the Lawyer and the author provides the reader with little information about Bartleby, it still allowed the reader to fully engage and appreciate the story. Also there were a few things the reader could have interpreted for certain about Bartleby even though Melville provided so little explicit information about Bartleby. sparknotes. com/lit/melvillestories/section2. rhtml bartleby. com/129/

5 Most Important Things You Can Do for the Environment

5 Most Important Things You Can Do for the Environment If you feel you’re not doing enough for the environment by replacing your incandescent light bulbs with LED lights and composting your kitchen scraps, maybe you’re ready to make a deeper commitment to environmental stewardship. Some of these strategies may seem a little radical, but they are among the most valuable actions you can take to protect and preserve Earth’s environment. Have Fewer Children- Or None Overpopulation is arguably the world’s most serious environmental problem because it exacerbates all of the others. The global population grew from 3 billion in 1959 to 6 billion in 1999, an increase of 100 percent in just 40 years. According to current projections, the world population will expand to 9 billion by 2040. This represents a slower growth rate than that of the last half of the 20th century, but it will nevertheless leave us with many more people to accommodate. Planet Earth is a closed system with limited resources- only so much fresh water and clean air and only so many acres of land for growing food. As the world population grows, our finite resources must stretch to serve more and more people. At some point, that will no longer be possible. Some scientists believe we have already passed that point. Ultimately, we need to reverse this growth trend by gradually bringing the human population of our planet back down to a more manageable size. This means more people must decide to have fewer children. This may sound pretty simple on the surface, but the drive to reproduce is fundamental in all species. The decision to limit or forgo the experience is a difficult one for many people because of emotional, cultural, and religious traditions and pressures. In many developing countries, large families can be a matter of survival. Parents often have as many children as possible to ensure that some will live to help with farming or other work and to care for the parents when they are old. For people in cultures like these, lower birth rates will only come after other serious issues such as poverty, hunger, poor sanitation, and freedom from disease have been adequately addressed. In addition to keeping your own family small, consider supporting programs that fight hunger and poverty, improve sanitation and hygiene, or promote education, family planning, and reproductive health in developing nations. Use Less Water- And Keep It Clean Fresh, clean water is essential to life- no one can live long without it- yet it is one of the scarcest and most endangered resources in our increasingly fragile biosphere. Water covers more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, but most of that is salt water. Freshwater supplies are much more limited and today a third of the world’s people lack access to clean drinking water. According to the United Nations, 95 percent of the cities worldwide still dump raw sewage into their water supplies. Not surprisingly, 80 percent of all illnesses in developing countries can be linked to unsanitary water. Especially if you live in a dry climate, you should use only as much water as you need, avoid wasting the water used, and strive to protect  water supplies. Eat Responsibly Eating locally grown food supports local farmers and merchants in your own community as well as reducing the amount of fuel, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions required to move the food you eat from the farm to your table. Eating organic meat and produce keeps pesticides and chemical fertilizers off your plate and out of rivers and streams. Eating responsibly also means eating less meat and fewer animal products such as eggs and dairy products, or perhaps none at all. Eating less meat is a matter of good stewardship of our finite resources. Farm animals emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, and raising animals for food requires many times more land and water than growing food crops. Livestock now uses 30 percent of the planet’s land surface, including 33 percent of farmland worldwide, which is used to produce animal feed. Every time you sit down to a plant-based meal instead of an animal-based meal, you save about 280 gallons of water and protect anywhere from 12 to 50 square feet of land from deforestation, overgrazing, and pesticide and fertilizer pollution. Conserve Energy- And Switch to Renewable Energy Walk, bike, and use public transportation more. Drive less. Not only will you be healthier and help to preserve precious energy resources, but you’ll also save money. According to a study by the American Public Transportation Association, families that use public transportation can reduce their household expenses by $6,200 annually, more than the average U.S. household spends on food every year. There are dozens of other ways you can conserve energy. You can turn off lights and unplug appliances when they are not in use and substitute cold water for hot whenever practical. Other small steps you can take include weather stripping your doors and windows and not overheating or overcooling your home and office. One way to start is to get a free energy audit from your local utility. Whenever possible, choose renewable energy over fossil fuels. For example, many municipal utilities now offer green energy alternatives so that you can get some or all of your electricity from wind, solar, or other renewable energy sources. Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Many human activities- from using coal-fired power plants to generate electricity to driving gasoline-powered vehicles- cause greenhouse gas emissions that heat the atmosphere and contribute to climate change. Scientists are already seeing significant climate changes that point to the likelihood of serious consequences. Some scenarios foresee increasing drought that could further reduce food and water supplies and, at the same time, rising sea levels that will submerge islands and coastal regions and create millions of environmental refugees. Online calculators can help you measure and reduce your personal carbon footprint, but climate change is a global problem that requires global solutions and, so far, the world’s nations have been slow to find common ground on this issue. In addition to lowering your own carbon footprint, let your government officials know that you expect them to take action on this issue- and keep the pressure on until they do. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Marcus Garvey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marcus Garvey - Essay Example Marcus Garvey a Jamaican saw the predicament of his people and joined Jamaican Nationalist Organization (Haugen 3). He valued the rights of his people and sought for an approach that would liberate his people from the tyranny of racial discrimination. Garvey toured many nations i.e. London, Central America, Jamaica, and United States of America among others. He was motivated by the predicaments of his people to form a civil right movement that intended to deliver the blacks from psychological bondage of racism. This paper analyses choices, motivation, and strategy of non-violent campaign and the leadership style of Marcus Garvey. Garvey’s approach to racial discrimination and colonialism in Africa and the rest of the world relied on his love for the black race. History quotes that he believed that Africans were able to compete with the whites for the top jobs (Haugen 8). The most pressing need that inspired Garvey to rally against the independence of Africans was taking contro l of their own destiny. He believed that Africans would improve their lives when they took control of their own destiny by instituting their own leaders. Garvey used UNIA as a tool that would bring the blacks together under one umbrella to address their social, economic, and freedom issues. For instance, the UNIA Conference held on 1 August 1920 intended to equip the African leaders with the conscious they required in order to fight for their independence (Haugen 6). The deliberation in the conference as expressed through the opening speech of Garvey shows that Garvey sought to change the conditions of life of Africans through a united movement. Garvey’s uses his own life a model that would shape the lives of the blacks. It is evident from his speech that his personal life motivated him to leadership position. His wish was to mould similar mind, which emulate his ideologies throughout the world. â€Å"I came from an environment that is not better than you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hill & Garvey 45). The above is one of the quotes that he made during a gathering where he was addressing blacks. The nature of life in Jamaica and psychological inferiority of the blacks in the United States played a motivational role in influencing the writing, political and social life of Garvey. History documents that Garvey made unique choices in his political movement and social life. For instance, his letter to Theodore Roosevelt portrays an inclusive leadership approach that aim at promoting peace as well as quest for primary rights such democracy in the society. Garvey believed in freedom movements, which advocates for basic human rights through peaceful negotiation. He fought for black pride, which he believed, would come from education and self-realization. Another unique choice that he made during his leadership is to influence the opening of UNIA offices across the world where the blacks existed (Lawler & Davenport 85). This choice posed a great threat to his personal life as well as the governments that oppressed the blacks. The choice to meet the leaders of Ku Klux Kean is unique in the sense that the organization was against liberation of the black. Critical analysis into the leadership style of Garvey takes us to the transformational leadership style. In transformation leadership, four factors form the basis of transformational leadership. These factors are inspiration leadership, charismatic leadership, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation. Garvey intention was to rally intellectualism in creating leadership for Africa and the Negroes. He addressed large audience and insisted on the need for education as the foundation for freedom for the blacks (Haugen 4). Another observation is the charisma in his approach to political issues of

Critical Thinking Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Thinking Assignment - Essay Example The essay is quite effective as it explores two sides of the coin when approaching a possible avenue of happiness that can be chosen by an individual. By doing this, one side is explored to show how much an avenue can bring happiness while at the same time pointing out how much that avenue can backfire. The argument brought forward talks of the possibility that an aspect of devotion is what brings the said happiness. Just look out for the devotion that guarantees happiness and not the ones that can bring you short-lived happiness. The essay talks of possible experiments carried out to quantify the discussion carried out on matters of happiness as well as how it can be achieved and retained to take as much possible time as possible. The experiments hope to assist individuals make informed guesses on where happiness lies. This report makes a conclusion that the arguments brought forward in this essay are valid for the sake of pursuit of happiness. It tends to bring a worthy argument on what brings about happiness. The speech stherefore talks about detailed and experimented ways to facilitate happiness. The argument is of possible high quality since experimentation and empirical research methods were used to quantify findings and to boost the trust that the audience can have on the speech for its credibility. It is however worth noting that the essay only explored fewer causes of happiness. Happiness, to different people, entails different aspects. An individual may find happiness in music and can always resort to it when feeling sad.

Workers in capitalism Essay Example for Free

Workers in capitalism Essay According to James W. Rinehart in The tyranny of Work: Alienation and the Labour Process, work is a primary activity for human beings that differentiates human from other forms of life and today adults spend at least one-third of their waking hours on the job, which has great impact on personality of those who perform it (Rinehart 171). Quoting from Russell, there are two kinds of work according to professor Conlin. First type of work is the one where you alter the position of matter, which is unpleasant, ill-paid and dangerous. Second type of work involved you telling others to move matter, which is pleasant, well paid and safe. Although I never had a privilege to perform the second type of work, I had a chance to experience the first type of work at Mac Donalds. As Russell said, first type of work, which I experienced was definitely unpleasant, ill-paid and dangerous. I worked under unpleasant working condition with no benefits, constantly forced work more than five days a week, including the weekends. My job at Mac Donald involved basically everything, from cashier to cooking to cleaning. At first, I felt sense of pride because I was able to perform many different tasks at any given situation. However it turned out that I was spending too much time at work. Since I was able to perform many jobs, management constantly forced me to work more days with less or no break and even on holidays. I was making government regulated minimum wage of some where between six to seven dollars per hour. When I got home from work, I would be so tired that I was not able to do anything but to recover for the next day of work. Also I started to fall behind in school and I spent less time with my friends and family. Work at Mac Donalds became a large portion of life and it started to penetrate into my personal life. According to Rinehart, What people do during work hours often penetrate to the core of their personalities. Work became an activity that takes large portion of time that spills over into non-work spheres of life. (Rinehart 171). However I could not quit because of that sweet pay cheque that I got every two weeks. Then I realized that I was deeply involved and a part of Capitalism. The purpose of this paper is to relate my working experience at Mac Donalds to Rineharts argument in respect to relationship between work and alienation. According to Rinehart, who quoted Karl Marx, there are four type of alienation. A condition in which workers are alienated from the product they create, a condition in which workers are alienated from work  process, a condition in which workers are alienated from themselves and finally, a condition in which workers are alienated from others. These four types of alienation will be further analyze and related as I disclose my working experience at Mac Dona lds. First type of alienation is a condition in which workers are alienated from the products they create. This was extremely true in relation to my experience at Mac Donalds. Everything that I was producing was coordinated by management, owner and Mac Donalds, since it is a franchise. A machine dumped certain amount of fries into basket, which was placed into a fryer that had a timer. Burgers were cooked on a grill that had timer. Certain amounts of sauces were dispensed from a saucer machine and certain amounts of drinks were poured into cups by machines. Every process in preparing a meal was done through machines. The quality, contents and quantity was not determined by those whose labour is responsible for preparing a meal because the ends of capitalist production are not defined by the needs and interest of workers but by employers needs to generate profits and expand capital (Rinehart 177). Even though I was earning income through the process I could not feel sense of pride and acco mplishment. Another alienation that Rinehart discusses is a condition in which workers are alienated from the work process. Workers are cede their ability for determine the intensity and duration of work, to define the manner in which work is organized, divided and allocated and to determine the tools and machines used in the production process (Rinehart 178). It is obvious that I had no control over my work process in Mac Donalds. As mentioned earlier, everything had to follow certain process in preparing a meal for a customer. Even the process of serving had to follow an order. A drink had to be served, and then I take money from customer, then a burger was served followed by fries. Because I had to follow these steps in serving I received complains from customer about their food being serve too slow. It was not my choice to serve the way I did, I was instructed by management. The work at Mac Donalds gave me no room for creativity. According to Rinehart, quoting Marx, work is an activity in which people can clearly manifest their unique qualities as human beings and a medium for self-expression and  self-development (Rinehart 178). But in fact I was separated from my own creativity and expression at work. All the work processes were routinized and work became not a creative activity but an earning activity in order to survive. Finally, last type of alienation deals with the relationship of individuals to one another (Rinehart 178). The owner of Mac Donald never showed during the day. But just before store close he would come into the store to talk to the management about the days profit. He was not standing in front of a hot fryer or grill. He was not standing in front of cashier taking orders from customers, where as I did not get a minute to catch my breath. But at the end of the day he was the only one going to home with loaded bank account. I also realized that this is not a problem in just one Mac Donalds. Problems like this are occurring everywhere the label capitalism exist. Capitalism is the name of the economic system that dominates the world today (Heilbroner 3). Individuals invest money into capitals to multiply their wealth and one who possesses wealth is usually a person who enjoys esteem and who wields power in the market place (Heilbroner 29). In addition, the situation for my manager who has worked since the opening of the store was not so much different from mine. He had no where to move up, has been doing the same thing for years, and only made few dollars more than I did. He worked five to six times a week and often called into fill in for someone else. He was never home on the weekends or even holidays, thus, he had no social life. As an individual he was a kind person but when it comes to work he was very stubborn. This is a form of alienation that Rinehart address and quotes;People who occupy dominant and subordinate positions at the workplace alienated from each other. Their relationship is an antagonistic one and is based purely on pecuniary consideration. This asymmetry of workplace relationship creates the foundation for a class structure that entails sharp differences in power, privilege and life chances and that inhibits social intercourse across class lines (Rinehart 178). The owner, who only came to collect his daily profit and the manager, who only made few dollars more than me, were alienated from each other based on occupation and position in the workplace. I had never talk to the owner and  for owner I was another high school kid who could be replaced at any moment because hundred other guys like me who wants work just as hard as I did. This alienation in workplace created a class system within one little Mac Donald. The source of alienation was social structure rather than in individual personalities; its causes are social rather than psychological (Rinehart 179). Going back to the purpose of this paper, how are these four types of alienation discussed by Rinehart and Marx manifested at Mac Donalds? I did not need high school diploma or university degree to work as a cashier and cooker at Mac Donalds. Also since I was replaceable at any moment and considered not as a person but as a employee number and a kid who sells his labour for minimum wage, the owner and the management treated me as they wish. This is how alienation is manifested, even in such a small local Mac Donalds, and this is where the true nature of capitalism prevailed. For the working class and the lower class capitalism is always a downhill, as time goes on your moving closer to the bottom of the society. It is definitely a perfect example of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. I have to strongly agree with Rinehart in respect to capitalism and alienation of labour because through my job experience I was able to witness everything Rinehart had expressed. Rinehart points out three sources of alienation; concentration of the means of production in the hands of a small but dominant class, markets in land, labour and commodities and an elaborate division of labour. It is obvious to see that I experience at Mac Donalds clearly show all three sources of alienation. I did not have the sophisticated machines to produce tasty burgers and fries. I did not own a building to sell my burgers even if I was capable of making better burgers than Mac Donalds. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, every work process was precisely and scientifically calculated and measured by management. I was only carrying out tasks that were told by people from above. Work had become a repetitive and mindless and narrowly limited the development of my human capacities (Rinehart 181). However on the other side, there are scholars like Daniel Bell and Edward P. Thompson who disagrees with Rinehart and argues that capitalism is the only way human can increase standard of l iving. Bell argues discretionary income is a good thing. Income above that  necessary for the fulfillment of basic needs allowed individuals to choose many varied items to exemplify different consumption styles (Bell 155). My question is why should the few dominant class be able to enjoy high level of income where the majority, who work hard everyday be left with a few dollars just enough to put food on the table every night and just enough for basic survival. Our modern capitalist world evolves around money and our social relationship is based on exchange of money. Capitalism is forcing the world to be structured on the factor that skills and experience have little or no recognition compared to wealth and power. Initial principle of capitalism was to emancipate peasants from feudal obligations. However capitalism is forcing working in labour market, where they are exploited by capitalists and turned into machines that listens and obey to our bosses, who contribute a very small portion of what they make for telling us what to do. Work can offer a sense of accomplishment or meaninglessness; it can be a source of pride or shame (Rinehart 171). In my experience I inherited the shame and the owner who comes once a day to collect inherited the pride. How can a system which provides a hard working individual with shame be the best economical system for workers? Thompson argues that the working class chose to be in the position where they are. Also he says that they system (Capitalism) require large portion of workers that converted into simple machines, ignorant, degraded, and brutal human beings (Thompson 127). But problem is that working class never had a choice to choose between worker and capitalist to begin with. Is this phenomenon inevitable in modern capitalist society? There are government approaches and labour union movements to give workers not all but some sort of advantage over their work processes. However I never had a privilege to enjoy the help of union when I worked at almighty Mac Donalds. And although some people assume that union is a pain in society, it is definitely a necessary evil for workers feel sense of pride in their work and protect their right in workplace. Bibliography -Bell, Daniel. The cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Basic Books. 1976-Heilbroner, Robert. Twenty-First Century Capitalism. House of Anansi Press Inc. Toronto: 1992. -Rinehart, W. James. The Tyranny of Work: Alienation and the Labour Process. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1987. -Thompson, P. Edward. Making of the English Working Class. Penguin Books. Canada: 1968.

Privatizing a State Run Natural Monopoly Essay -- Economics Economy Pa

A Natural Monopoly In Economics, a natural monopoly can be defined as an industry where the fixed cost of the capital goods is so high that it is not profitable for a second firm to enter and compete. The reason is that the nature of that product or service makes a single supplier more efficient than multiple, competing ones. The purpose of this essay is to discuss that the economic arguments for and against on privatizing a state run natural monopoly. You will find out on following contents. Main body --------- Natural monopolies are typically utilities such as water, electricity, and natural gas. It would be very expensive to build a second set of water and sewerage pipes in a city. Because this sort of service has a high fixed cost and a low variable cost. To prevent utilities from exploiting their monopolies with high prices, they are regulated by government sometime. Typically, they are allowed a fixed percentage of profit above cost. But this type of regulation can lead to inefficient high costs, since the monopoly is guaranteed a profit. To get around this problem, the government districts own the local utility and provide the service at cost. Another way to handle the natural monopoly is a significant shift of resources out of the state sector and into the private sector. Many governments around the world have followed this policy. For State owned monopolies across the world have proven themselves unable to invest properly in infrastructure, they provide relatively expensive and inefficient services and have poor labour re... ...ises such water supply, electricity, and telecommunications will always remain monopolistic in nature. It may not matter whether they are public or private. It is only in very large markets where there are sufficient economies of scale allowing for serious competition among privately owned utilities. Conclusion ---------- In conclusion, the arguments for privatising natural monopoly businesses are the same as for privatising any business. These monopolies usually dominate any nation's national economic efficiency, access to investment capital, innovative technology and effective management is even more important. Even after this kind of concern, we have to continue searching, through learning by doing, in order to reduce the power of monopolies on the daily lives.

Organizational Theories Response Essay

The different levels of law enforcement agencies all revolve around theories. The theories that are associated with law enforcement are the Organizational Theory, Management Theory. Within the Organizational Theory the departments are out to achieve specific goals. For example an organizational theory of a police department could be to ensure that the juvenile crime rate within specific areas are under control. To ensure that the juvenile crime rates are under control a specific police organization within a community could be tasked with monitoring juvenile crime and activities within the community in effort to bring the crimes committed by juvenile delinquents down to a minimum. The management theory within law enforcement revolves around ensuring that all of the police officers within a police department and the community are being properly managed. This would include managing all of the police officers within a police department to ensure that you have the right officers in the right areas for the right jobs. The management theory will also help to combat crime because a police commissioner would be able to manage the police officers under his or her charge to ensure that the right amount of officer are in the right places at the right time. The organizational theory breaks down how our law enforcement agencies are run. Within the different law enforcement agencies every agency is broken down and organized. This gives a structure a chain of command to follow and breaks down the responsibilities within a specific law enforcement agency. Refrences: Police Management: Police Management. (2002). Retrieved from http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/pm3ch1.pdf Organizational Theory: Foundations of Organizational Theory . (2010). Retrieved from http://www.drtomoconnor.com/4000/4000lect01.htm

Balfour vs. Balfour Case Study

Law of contract BALFOUR vs. BALFOUR [1919] 2K. B. 571 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2. LIST OF CASES 3. FACTS OF THE CASE 4. ISSUES INVOLVED 5. CONTENTIONS 6. JUDGMENT 7. LAW POINT 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS I. L. J. : Lord Justice II. AIR : All India Reporter III. QBD : Queen’s Bench Division IV. CBNS : Common Bench Report (New Series) V. AER :All England ReporterVI. CLR : Commonwealth Law Reports LIST OF CASES Cases referred to by the court of appeal in Balfour vs. Balfour: I. Eastland vs. Burchell (1878),3 Q. B. D. 432 II. Jolly vs. Rees (1864),15 C. B. N. S. 628 III. Debenham vs. Mellon (1880),6 App. Cas. 24 Cases having the same law point as Balfour vs. Balfour: I. Rose and Frank Co. vs. Crompton & Bros. Ltd. (1925) A. C. 445 II. Jones vs. Padavatton (1969) All E. R. 616 III. Meritt vs. Meritt (1970) 2 All E. R. 760 IV. S. V. R. Mudaliar vs. Rajababu AIR 1995 SC 1607. Some recent case laws having the same law point:I. Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc (2002) 209 CLR 95 Facts Archbishop Ermogenous made a claim for payments he thought due for annual and long service leave from the Greek Orthodox Community. He succeeded at first instance but the Full Court of the Supreme Court of SA found there was no intention to create legal relations between the parties. An appeal was made to the High Court. II. EDMONDS  v LAWSON  (2000) FACTS OF THE CASE After their marriage in August, 1900, the parties went to Ceylon, where the husband had a government post.In November, 1915, the wife came to England together with the husband, who was on leave. they both intended to return to Ceylon . In August,1916,the husband’s leave expired and he had to return to Ceylon ,but the wife ,on the advice of her doctor ,was to remain in England. On August 8, 1916, when the husband was about to sail, the wife alleged that the parties enter into an oral contract whereby the husband agreed to make an allowance of ? 30 a month. The parti es had not at that time agreed to live apart, but did so subsequently when differences arose between them.An action was taken by the wife against the husband to recover money which she claimed was due to her under the agreement, the alleged consideration for that agreement being a promise by her to support herself without calling upon him. ISSUES INVOLVED * Was there any legally enforceable contract? * Was there any intention to enter into a legal relationship? CONTENTIONS PLAINTIFF: In this case the wife said: â€Å"In august 1916, my husband’s leave was up . I was suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. My doctor advised my staying in England for some months, and not to go out till Nov. . I booked a passage for next sailing day in September. On august 8 my husband sailed. He gave me a cheque from august 8 to august 31 for 24 pounds, and promised to give me 30 pounds per month till I joined him in Ceylon. †She also showed some letters about which she said: â€Å"My husb and and I wrote the figures together on august 8 and 34 pounds were shown. Afterwards he said 30 pounds. † She wanted to recover money from her husband. DEFENDANT: The lower court entered judgment in favor of the plaintiff and held that the defendant’s promise to send money was enforceable.The court held that Mrs. Balfour’s consent was sufficient consideration to render the contract enforceable and the defendant appealed. JUDGEMENT At first instance, Sargant, J. , who was sitting as an additional judge of the King’s Bench Division took into account the points that the wife in this case sued her husband claiming that her husband had agreed to give her an allowance of ? 30 per month which he failed to give, she claimed that there was a binding legal contract and the husband shall in consideration of a promise by the wife pay her the sum of ? 0 a month . Sargant J. held that there was a binding agreement and gave the descion in the favor of the wife after thi s an appeal was filed by the husband. Warrington,L. J. a judge in the court of appeal noted that there was a valid consideration in this case and said that : â€Å"It seems to me on these letters that there was a definite bargain between the husband and the wife under which ,while the husband was in India and in a sufficient position and the wife was in England living separate from him ,she should be paid a definite sum of ? 0 a month ,and that agreement was made when the husband retuned to Ceylon ,and was reaffirmed on at least two occasions after unhappy differences had shown themselves ,at any rate on the part of the husband ,and when it was probable that their separation might last for some time. † Then he proceeded by saying that there was not exactly a valid contract because this agreement continued because of the circumstances which arose and this agreement cannot be termed as a legal contract because the intention to enter into a legal relation is missing.He observed that it was quite plain that no such contract was made in express terms, and there wasn’t any bargain on the part of the wife at all. All that took place was this; the two parties met in a friendly way and discussed what would be necessary for the support of the wife while she was in England,there wasn’t any proof that the wife wanted the sum of ? 30 as a compensation or in the satisfaction of the obligations of the husband towards her to maintain her. He said that â€Å"the husband expressed his intention to make the payment, and he was bound in honour to continue it so long as he was in a position to do so.The wife on the other hand, as far as I can see, made no bargain at all. †He concluded by saying that the judgment made by Sargant, J. , was wrong and the appeal should be allowed. DUKE,L. J. another judge in the court of appeal agreed with Warrington,L. J. and said that the only question in this case is whether the promise of the husband to the wife ,that w hile she was living absent from him he will make her a periodical allowance, is a promise which involves in law consideration on the part of the wife sufficient to convert the promise into an agreement.He said that according to him there wasn’t any legally enforceable contract and the basis of this agreement was the relationship of husband and wife and the proposition that the mutual promises made in the ordinary domestic relationship of husband and wife of necessity gives cause for action on a contract seems to go to the root of the relationship .He concluded by saying â€Å"I think that in point of principle there is no foundation for the claim which is made here ,and I am satisfied on the question of fact that there was no consideration moving from the husband to the wife or promise by the husband to the wife which was sufficient to sustain this action founded merely on contract . In my view ,the appeal must be allowed. † ATKIN,L. J. lso supported the judgment of th e other two judges and said that in the arrangements between husband and wife mutual promises are present but there is no consideration which is necessary for a legally enforceable contract, in addition to this the intention to be attended by legal consequences is also absent. Such cases can’t be sued upon because the parties in the inception of the arrangement never intended that they should be sued upon. He said : â€Å"I think that the parol evidences upon which the contract turns does not establish a contract .I think that the written evidences don’t evidence a contract . For this reason I think that the judgment of the learned judge in the court below was wrong ,and that this appeal should be allowed. LAW POINT The law point in this case is: Intention to create legal relationship. Intention to create legal relations is an essential element for creation of a contract. Intention to create legal relations is defined as an intention to enter a legally binding agreeme nt or contract. It consists of readiness of a party to accept the legal sequences of having entered into an agreement.Intention to create legal relations is a motion of every contracting party must have the necessary intention to enter into a legally binding contract. Promise in the case of social engagements is generally without an intention to create a legal relationship. Such an agreement therefore, cannot be considered to be a contract. Thus an agreement to go for a walk ,to go to a movie, to play some game, or entertain another person with with a dinner, cannot be enforced in a court of law.Sometimes the parties may expressly mention that it is not a formal or legal agreement, whereas in some other cases such an intention could be presumed from their agreement. Under UK law, an agreement supported by consideration is not enough to create a legally binding contract; the parties must also have an intention to create legal relations. Often, the intention to create legal relations is expressly stated by the contracting parties. In other situations, the law will readily imply the intention, because of the nature of the commercial dealings between the parties.Generally it is assumed that in social and domestic type of agreements this type of intention is absent, but parties do intend to create legal relations in commercial agreements. It is assumed that this doctrine was not clearly established until 1919. Alternatively, it can be said that the Doctrine is based upon public policy; that is to say that, as a matter of policy, the law of contract ought not to intervene in domestic situations because the courts would then be swamped by trifling domestic disputes.The test to know the intention of the parties is objective and not subjective merely because the promisor contends that there was no intention to create legal obligation would not exempt him from liability. It may be noted that although in the case of close relationship there may be generally no intention to create legal relationship but there is nothing which prevents these persons from agreeing to be bound by their promises thus if an arrangement clearly shows an intention to create legal relationship the parties become bound thereby.It is still an open question whether in the express provisions in the Indian Contract Act ,1872,the requirement of intention to contract is applicable in India. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. PRIMARY SOURCE [1918-19] All E. R. Rep. B. SECONDARY SOURCE Indian Contract Act –R. K. Bangia C. OTHER SOURCES www. indlaw. com www. indiankanoon. org http://www. australiancontractlaw. com

Chapter 1- Kinematics Regents Physics Essays (278 words)

Chapter 1- Kinematics Regents Physics Essays (278 words) Chapter 1- Kinematics Regents Physics One-Dimensional Motion - Acceleration 3324225471805 The time rate of change of velocity is acceleration . Acceleration is a vector quantity and is defined as the change of velocity per unit of time . The equation is: a= v t Since velocity's units are meters per seconds, and time's units are seconds, acceleration's units are meters per seconds squared or m/s 2 . The symbol " " simply means "change in". This requires you to subtract the initial velocity from the final velocity. Therefore: v= v f - v i Quick Example: A car increas es its velocity from 2 0 m/s to 45 m/s. What is its change in velocity? During the course of the year, we will only be working with constant acceleration. With constant acceleration, we may also find average velocity "v" to be equal to: V = v + v 2 Acceleration Examples: A golf ball starts from rest. A golfer hits the ball and it travels 80 m/s in 5 seconds. Determine the acceleration of the ball. A football is thrown 10 m/s and is caught and brought to rest in 4 seconds. Determine the acceleration of the ball. (Be careful with the change in velocity!) A paper airplane has an acceleration of 5 m/s 2 . If it is thrown from rest, how fast will it be going in 3 seconds ? A truck's change in velocity is 15 m/s. If its acceleration is 3 m/s 2 , how long did it take the truck to accelerate to this velocity?

Addressing A Letter to Two People

Addressing A Letter to Two People Addressing A Letter to Two People Addressing A Letter to Two People By Maeve Maddox One post often leads to another. The recent article â€Å"Conventional Letter Salutations in English† garnered several questions about how to address a letter to a married couple who have different titles and/or different surnames. Traditional letter-writing etiquette is based on traditional professional and marital patterns derived from the following assumptions: 1. A married couple is made up of a man and a woman. 2. The man’s name, with the appropriate honorific, goes first. 3. A married woman takes her husband’s surname. 4. A married woman’s given name is not part of the address or salutation. Based on these assumptions, traditional etiquette dictates the following forms: Address Mr. and Mrs. Charles Simpson Dr. and Mrs. Charles Simpson Rev. and Mrs. Charles Simpson Salutation Dear Mr. and Mrs. Simpson Dear Dr. and Mrs. Simpson Dear Rev. and Mrs. Simpson Nowadays, however, when some people question even the conventional use of Dear to begin a business letter, how to address a letter can be a hotly contested topic. Many married women still prefer the â€Å"Mr. and Mrs.† form, but others feel marginalized by it. As a result, recent guides to letter-writing give the following as acceptable options: Mr. Charles and Mrs. Jane Simpson Mr. Charles and Ms. Jane Simpson Note: In traditional etiquette, the form â€Å"Mrs. Jane Simpson† signifies that the woman so addressed is divorced. In modern usage, when a form other than â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. [surname]† is used, the woman’s name goes first: Mrs. Jane Simpson and Mr. Charles Simpson Jane and Charles Simpson Dear Jane and Charles An editor at The Chicago Manual of Style considers any of the following as proper forms for a business salutation to a married couple: Dear Mr. and Mrs. Stern Dear Irene and Mike Stern Dear Mike and Irene Stern When members of the couple have different titles, some commentators think that the traditional male-female order should be maintained. For example, if the wife has a doctorate and the husband hasn’t, the form would be â€Å"Dear Mr. and Dr. Simpson.† Other authorities, like The Gregg Reference Manual, state that the higher-ranking title should go first: â€Å"Dear Dr. and Mr. Simpson.† If both members of the couple are entitled to be addressed as â€Å"Dr.,† then they may be addressed as â€Å"Dear Drs. Simpson.† Another result of changing norms is the necessity to decide how to address a couple that does not share a surname. Robert Hickey, author of Honor Respect, The Official Guide to Names, Titles, and Forms of Address, offers a solution that covers every kind of couple: heterosexual, homosexual, married, and unmarried-but-living-together. When each member of a couple uses a different surname, list each name fully, putting them in alphabetical order by family name: Dr. Geoffrey Baxter and Dr. Alice Goodwin For partners in a same-sex couple, list them in alphabetical order by family name: Ms. Angela Esposito and Ms. Shara Patel Mr. Liam O’Hare and Mr. Darin Washington Some same-sex couples opt to share a surname. In that case, arrange the names in alphabetical order by given name: Ms. Angela Patel and Ms. Shara Patel. Bottom line: If you know the couple, you should know how they prefer to be addressed. If you are addressing a letter to people you do not know well, choose a respectful form of address that suits the occasion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Continue and "Continue on"

'Man's search for meaning by Viktor Frankl Research Paper

'Man's search for meaning by Viktor Frankl - Research Paper Example Man’s Search for Meaning.† The themes are so critically reviewed to the extent that the critical application of Viktor’s text gives a perfect analysis for other different real-life occurrences. Given the reason to critical applicability, the below essay critically analyzes the movie â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind† all from a critical viewpoint of Viktor’s reasoning ideas. On one hand, Viktor suffers as a victim of the Auschwitz Concentration camp as an inmate victim of the World War II. To Viktor, it is quite clear and the general fact that most of the inmates of such level are bound to loose meaning to life. Upon such situation, the inmates slowly grow weak right from the inside. The absolute result is witnessed by all when the individual reveals the inner weaknesses through poor mental conditions and extremely poor health appearances. According to Viktor, an inmate survived longer in the concentration camps depending on how strong the individual meaning for life was. Indeed, Viktor had critically reviewed the some of the most influential human life-facts in history (Victor, 38). In order for every divine individual to live a happy and satisfying life, it is in his or her basic interest to identify the basic purpose in life and derive the most positive fruits from it. The author believes in the conception that if one manages to identify a purpose to live, makes all possible positive feelings of it, and immensely lives to the imagined future outcome; then it is upon fate for the success to be witnessed. Whereas, on theother hand, â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind† brings about a whole new approach to people trying to find critical meaning for their lives. The film is set at the action of an estranged couple, former lovers who had their memories erased for the sake of better meaning for their individual lives. Well, the film could have been set on the basis of some fictional life events. However, it emanates and resemble the very