Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essays

Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essays Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essay Age Discrimination And Unequal Treatment Social Work Essay Essay As definition, age discriminationA occurs when person isA stereotyped andA discriminated because of the age. In general, it consist in a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to warrant age based bias, favoritism, and subordination. On this footing, chronological age should non see as a parametric quantity for pigeonholing differences in life styles ( for illustration, work, survey, volunteering, caring, recuperating ) and fortunes ( for illustration, populating entirely or with others, wellness position, income group ) alternatively should be evaluated the person with the ain features. More in peculiar, age favoritism in entree to goods and services refer to a less favorably intervention without justification for a ground associating to the age, in regard to a individual to whom that ground does non use. Such less favorably intervention are really non legislatively prohibited neither under the Equality Act 2010 which chiefly refer to the age favoritism within the employment. In fact, the chief ordinances on both UK and European degree has been developed with respects to age favoritism within the employment field. In this manner is relevant Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations which comes into force in October 2006 and was included in the subsequent Equality Act which replaces a figure of pieces of other statute law. Widen such protection beyond the working lives has become an of import intent for English Government and European community, in which researches are barely supported by the anti- age favoritism associations. Hence, it is arguable that a winning research inquiry should turn to: how and in which manner the deficiency of statute law against age favoritism in entree to goods and services penalizes, in U.K. , people over 60, sing prejudiced effects and economic sciences deductions that arise from a sort of society structured on a standardised population. It is likely just to state that in most instances, concern about age favoritism in the field of goods and services arose following on from argument about age favoritism in the field of employment. ( Age Concern et Al, 2004 ) Equality act 2010, is an English codification that prescribes equal intervention in entree to employment every bit good as private and public services, irrespective of the protected features. Age is one of the nine protected features listed by Equality act, for which are identify forbidden behaviors. However, age favoritism in the employment field could trust on national and European normative supports, despite the same favoritism outside the workplace is non presently improper. Age favoritism, unlike all other types of direct favoritism ( race favoritism, sex favoritism, etc. ) is possible to be justified on both direct and indirect favoritism on the footing of an individuated nonsubjective justification which has to be tested. Such justification is intended as a less prejudiced intervention available in a specific state of affairs. Therefore, this flexible proviso makes unclear the legal bounds of age equality and decently because of its justification in direct favoritisms it bec ame challenge define its confines. In this manner, age becomes the lone one of the protected features barely defended, and this happen particularly in the context of entree to goods and services in which any protection is provided. Despite this deficiency of protection ( and therefore deficiency of European and national statute law ) , the UK Government has knowledge that there is a important sum of grounds that older people are being treated in a prejudiced manner by those supplying goods and services . Through the research it will be demonstrated that older people s protection against favoritism will bring forth an classless state of affairs that will hold positive effects, non merely on the land of human rights, but besides on the land of national economic betterment facet. In fact, countries in which is common to happen age favoritism instances are frequently related to an unwillingness to put in readjustment which have the ultimate purpose to warrant ingestion besides by older people, and to pigeonholing. The latter one is frequently applied to avoid an equal entree to services ( fiscal services ) and an equal entree to goods in which alternatively should be encouraged consumers and subscribers to hold an active function in economic and societal life. In harmonizing with Equality Act 2010, mentioned above, the attack to this subject require to distinguish among age groups, intended as a group of people holding about the same age ( therefore, that portion the same protected featu re ) . For the present research was chosen the group of people over 60, in relation to the national statute law which refer to age 60 as a criterion retirement age. The purpose of the research is seek to understand and accordingly ban age favoritism in proviso of goods and services. Evidence of instances about such unjust favoritism are identified in different countries, as insurance, fiscal services, selling and the media, entree to public infinites, conveyances and modern engineerings. Observation of each field construction in relation to users that belong to the over 60 group and interviews to them, will bring forth indexs, which will be used for understand the weight of age favoritism in different fortunes. This indexs are non direct steps of the alteration introduced by the statute law or a direct effect of this. Alternatively they are indirect indexs of the job bing. In add-on to turn outing that such favoritism exist, it could be demonstrated that benefits such as better entree to services are indirectly proportionate to age favoritism in this Fieldss. A concrete illustration could be given by experience in disablement, intended as a prot ected feature at the same degree as age. In this manner, disablement could be frequently associated with older age. The Disability Discrimination Act ( DDA ) , prescribes that is improper for service suppliers to handle you less favorably because of your disablement, and they must do reasonable accommodations for you, such as giving you excess aid or altering the manner they provide their services. The same proviso does non be with respects to age. Therefore, a comparing with another protected feature could be used as index of a deficiency of the legal attack. Widen the same protection for people that are discriminated because they age should be arguable. In age favoritism exist common indexs of old people social-exclusion, while in other countries as computing machine and information engineering could be identified a peculiar disadvantage. Quality of lodging is a important job for older householders who frequently are non able both physically and economically to care about the house implying in this manner the decay of life premises. In fact, many older people require aid in modifying their places to enable independent life as a preventive attack to wellness. A grounds, the bing low of practical support services in advancing independency are DIY, aid after a infirmary stay, daily aid ( cleansing, meal readying ) , horticulture, transit, and befriending strategies. Even if some of this services are available there are fewer services available offering support for personal security and safety and fewer still delivered to cultural minority and religion groups. Insurance is a curious field in which age is a general standard in finding hazard of insured, with the consequence that some services are unavailable and others are prohibitively in relation to who is older than others. In fact, in booking a train ticket on-line in the UK, clients are advised to see themselves, but the insurance is merely available for people under 75 old ages old. Further, there besides appears that the most competitory insurance screen offers are those that are merely available online, and normally older people are non much confident with engineerings, particularly in utilizing on-line payment to use for an insurance. In fiscal services the age favoritism is widespread: reexamining regulators of fiscal service suppliers and their web sites is clear that the favoritism start from troubles in the entree to service. In this manner, barriers that older people face are related to knowledge spread and deficiency of acquaintance with modern-day signifiers of pull offing m oney ( on-line payment ) , disfavor in keeping a bank history or recognition card/s and a reluctance to inquire for aid ( in most of instances accounts are hard to follow because truly speedy and with the usage of new technological footings ) . In this manner, although Bankss do non overtly exclude older people from banking services in the manner that many insurance companies do, there is however a strong feeling among older clients that recognition is in fact frequently refused merely on the evidences of age. Some information services were besides concerned that in some cases, recognition was being extended to older clients, who did non hold equal agencies to refund the debt. With respects to Personal societal services, its outgo per caput on older people utilizing societal attention services has been lower than for other grownup client groups. Along with a figure of probes, this difference is taken as a possible index of age favoritism in the deployment of services. Finally, it co uld be argue that age favoritism grounds are found severally in direct and indirect favoritism: direct where age was being used as a placeholder for hazard, and people over a certain age were precluded from accessing fiscal services, entirely on the footing of their age ; indirect where the cheapest insurance offers were merely available online. The present research will follow a qualitative method, in which a realistic attack will be used to seek to understand possible discriminatory phenomena in the societal context of older people. In this manner, interviews and observations are of import instruments for apprehension, the roots of an age favoritism in entree to goods and services. Such qualitative survey will hold the intent of bring forthing apprehension , which will be hopefully used to make a legal attack that can contrast prejudiced state of affairss. To guarantee dependability in the quality of measuring, the scrutiny of trustiness of the informations collected by research worker will be a important measure. In peculiar, this attempt will be directed to understand if in connexion with some indexs, the older individual will endure a disadvantage, that will be related to a comparator in the same state of affairs, but non included in the same age group. In order to mensurate the cogency of prejudiced premises derived from indexs analysis, the usage of a comparator cold be a valuable resource. In fact, statute law already supply a definition of direct favoritism stipulating that an person Angstrom is straight discriminates if it treats another person B less favorably than it treats or would handle a comparator on evidences of B s age. The statute law do non supply the usage of comparators in indirect favoritism. However, the rule beyond the legislative dictate could be considered in order to obtain satisfactory consequences under cogency and dependability of the measuring s. The comparator s fortunes do non necessitate to be indistinguishable ( in footings of life attitudes ) , but must non be entirely dissimilar. In this manner, the two state of affairs obtained can be easy compared concentrating on different age, analyzing if such difference is efficaciously a cause of prejudiced intervention. Questions could originate in relation to how much of an age difference is needed between comparators. In this manner, the already developed statute law in the employment field aid to find the boundaries of age favoritism. In fact, frequently older people who face age favoritism are around or beyond the retirement age, which presume a lessening in incomes. This is related to a society s construction purely centred to the economic deductions, pigeonholing older people non as non adequate decisive consumers and subscribers to the economic and societal lives. For this ground the retirement age as a parametric quantity for chose the comparator seems equal. To run into the credibleness of the informations obtained, the consequences must be believable and defendable . in this manner, they could became object of opinion by the participant: a participant would acknowledge themselves in the consequence every bit shortly as it is sufficient generalizable. This grade of generalisation of the consequence will give the step of transferability. It could be enhanced depicting the age favoritism in entree to goods and services context underscoring the cardinal premises of the research, as the societal exclusion and the economic jobs that older people face. In this manner, the footings of the research are fixed in order to allow a winning transferability. However, another of import facet is measures the grade of stability of the constructs obtained. In order to gauge dependability, it should be tested whether the same consequences will be obtained if the same thing will be observed twice . The thought of dependableness, on the other manus, emphasizes the demand for the research worker to account for the ever-changing context within which research occurs. The research is responsible for depicting the alterations that occur in the scene and how these alterations affected the manner the research approached the survey. On this footing, it could be possible pull up the thought that older people are subjected to favoritism facing services and utilizing goods for which the component of age could find a different intervention. Therefore, the research could expect the sense of disadvantage and the economic effects that could originate from such different interventions in regard of other different age group s users. The chief lineation should be verify if the step of differences in entree to goods and services truly measures that prejudiced disadvantage. However, credibleness, neutrality, consistence and pertinence are indispensable standards in researching informations. For trial the cogency and dependability triangulation will be an of import measure. Triangulation is typically a scheme ( trial ) for bettering the cogency and dependability of research or rating of findings. Triangulation has risen an of import methodological issue in realistic and qualitative attacks to evaluation [ in order to ] control prejudice and set uping valid propositions because traditional scientific techniques are incompatible with this alternate epistemology . In this manner, the construct of combine methods is arguable for confirm and generalise the research. Actually, on the footing of the multiple perceptual experiences of world that will originate from interviews, triangulation will give the reading of the several informations beginnings. Prosecuting multiple methods, such as, observation, interviews and recordings will take to more valid, dependable and diverse building of worlds. In this manner, triangulation in age favoritism will affect several research workers of the informations at different clip or location, decently on the footing that the age group include different gender and different people with different backgrounds.

The Technology and History of the Atlatl Spear Thrower

The Technology and History of the Atlatl Spear Thrower An atlatl (pronounced atul-atul or aht-LAH-tul) is the name used primarily by American scholars for a spear thrower, a hunting tool that was invented at least as long ago as the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe. It may be much older. Spear throwers are a significant technological improvement on simply throwing or thrusting a spear, in terms of safety, speed, distance, and accuracy. Fast Facts: Atlatl The atlatl or spearthrower is a hunting technology which was invented at least 17,000 years ago by Upper Paleolithic humans in Europe.  Atlatls give additional velocity and thrust compared to spear-throwing, and they allow the hunter to stand farther away from the prey.  They are called atlatls, because thats what the Aztecs were calling them when the Spanish arrived. Unfortunately for the Spanish, the Europeans had forgotten how to use them. The American scientific name for the spearthrower is from the Aztec language, Nahuatl. The atlatl was recorded by Spanish conquistadors when they arrived in Mexico and discovered that the Aztec people had a stone weapon that could pierce metal armor. The term was first noted by the American anthropologist Zelia Nuttall [1857–1933], who wrote about Mesoamerican atlatls in 1891, based on drawn images and three surviving examples. Other terms in use around the globe include spear thrower, woomera (in Australia), and propulseur (in French). What is a Spearthrower? Atlatl Display, Gold Museum of Bogota, Colombia. Carl Ann Purcell / Getty Images An atlatl is a slightly curved piece of wood, ivory, or bone, measuring between 5 and 24 inches (13–61 centimeters) long and between 1–3 in (2–7 cm) wide. One end is hooked, and the hook fits into the nock end of a separate spear shaft, itself between 3 to 8 feet (1–2.5 meters) in length. The working end of the shaft may simply be sharpened  or be modified to include a pointed projectile point. Atlatls are often decorated or painted- the oldest ones we have are elaborately carved. In some American cases, banner stones, rocks carved into a bow-tie shape with a hole in the middle, were used on the spear shaft. Scholars have been unable to find that adding the weight of a banner stone does anything to the velocity or thrust of the operation. They have theorized that banner stones may have been thought to act as a flywheel, stabilizing the motion of the spear throwing, or that it was not used during the throw at all, but rather to balance the spear when the atlatl was at rest. How To... The motion used by the thrower is similar to that of an overhand baseball pitcher. The thrower holds the atlatl handle in the palm of her hand and pinches the dart shaft with her fingers. Balancing both behind her ear, she pauses, pointing with her opposite hand toward the target; and then, with a movement as if she were pitching a ball, she flings the shaft forward allowing it to slip out of her fingers as it flies towards the target. The atlatl stays level and the dart on target throughout the motion. As with baseball, the snap of the wrist at the end imparts much of the velocity, and the longer the atlatl, the longer the distance (although there is an upper limit). The speed of a properly flung 5 ft (1.5 m) spear equipped with a 1 ft (30 cm) atlatl is about 60 miles (80 kilometers) per hour; one researcher reported that he put an atlatl dart through his garage door on his first attempt. The maximum speed achieved by an experienced atlatlist is 35 meters per second or 78 mph. The technology of an atlatl is that of a lever, or rather a system of levers, which together combine and increase the force of the human overhand throw. The flipping motion of the throwers elbow and shoulder in effect adds a joint to the thrower’s arm. The proper use of the atlatl makes spear-assisted hunting an efficiently targeted and deadly experience. Earliest Atlatls The earliest secure information concerning atlatls comes from several caves in France dated to the Upper Paleolithic. Early atlatls in France are works of art, such as the fabulous example known as le faon aux oiseaux (Fawn with Birds), a 20 in (52 cm) long carved piece of reindeer bone decorated with a carved ibex and birds. This atlatl was recovered from the cave site of La Mas d’Azil, and was made between 15,300 and 13,300 years ago. Atlatl Spear Thrower, Carved as a Bison, La Madeleine, Dordogne Valley, France, ca 15,000 BP. Print Collector/Getty Images / Getty Images A 19 in (50 cm) long atlatl, found in the La Madeleine site in the Dordogne valley of France, has a handle carved as a hyena effigy; it was made about 13,000 years ago. The Canecaude cave site deposits dated to about 14,200 years ago contained a small atlatl (8 cm, or 3 in) carved in the shape of a mammoth. The very earliest atlatl found to date is a simple antler hook dated to the Solutrean period (about 17,500 years ago), recovered from the site of Combe Sauniere. Atlatls are necessarily carved from organic material, wood or bone, and so the technology may be much older than 17,000 years ago. The stone points used on a thrust or hand-thrown spear are larger and heavier than those used on an atlatl, but thats a relative measure and a sharpened end will work as well. Simply put, archaeologists do not know how old the technology is. Modern Atlatl Use The atlatl has lots of fans today. The World Atlatl Association sponsors the International Standard Accuracy Contest (ISAC), a competition of atlatl skill held in small venues all over the world; they hold workshops so if youd like to learn how to throw with an atlatl, thats where to start. The WAA keeps a list of world champions and ranking master atlatl throwers. The competitions have also been used along with controlled experiments to gather field data concerning the effect of the different elements of the atlatl process, such as the weight and shape of the projectile point used, the length of the shaft and the atlatl. A lively discussion can be found in the archives of the journal American Antiquity about whether you can safely identify whether a particular point was used in bow and arrow versus atlatl: the results are inconclusive. If you are a dog owner, you may have even used a modern spearthrower known as the â€Å"Chuckit. Study History Archaeologists began to recognize atlatls in the late 19th century. The anthropologist and adventurer Frank Cushing [1857–1900] made replicas and may have experimented with the technology; Zelia Nuttall wrote about Mesoamerican atlatls in 1891, and anthropologist Otis T. Mason [1838–1908] looked at Arctic spear throwers and noticed that they were similar to those described by Nuttall. More recently, studies by scholars such as John Whittaker and Brigid Grund have focused on the physics of atlatl throwing, and trying to parse out why people eventually adopted the bow and arrow. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Bingham, Paul M., Joanne Souza, and John H. Blitz. Introduction: Social Complexity and the Bow in the Prehistoric North American Record. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 81–88. Print.Cain, David I., and Elizabeth A. Sobel. Sticks with Stones: An Experimental Test of the Effects of the Atlatl Weight on Atlatl Mechanics. Ethnoarchaeology 7.2 (2015): 114–40. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Soc ial Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print. Pettigrew, Devin B., et al. How Atlatl Darts Behave: Beveled Points and the Relevance of Controlled Experiments. American Antiquity 80.3 (2015): 590–601. Print.Walde, Dale. Concerning the Atlatl and the Bow: Further Observations Regarding Arrow and Dart Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 156–61. Print.Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.Whittaker, John C., Devin B. Pettigrew, and Ryan J. Grohsmeyer. Atlatl Dart Velocity: Accurate Measurements and Implications for Paleoindian and Archaic Archaeology. PaleoAmerica 3.2 (2017): 161–81. Print.